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Integrative Nutrition and Pathophysiology > Obesity 1 > Flashcards

Obesity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

obesity: prevention

A

optimal nutrition for maintaining a healthy body weight

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2
Q

obesity: pathogenesis

A

excess adiposity
aberrant fat distribution
inflammation

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3
Q

obesity: prognosis

A

dietary changes to reduce body weight/alter pathogenesis

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4
Q

obesity causes __ accumulation in adipose tissue which leads to __

A

obesity causes macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue which leads to low-grade systemic inflammation

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5
Q

macrophages in adipose release __

A

macrophages in adipose release cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1)

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6
Q

cytokines in adipose cause

A

endocrine dysfunction

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7
Q

cytokines in muscle cause

A

impaired glucose disposal

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8
Q

cytokines in fat cause

A

impaired beta-cell function and cell regeneration

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9
Q

cytokines in liver cause

A

reduced suppression of glucose production

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10
Q

obesity can cause (4)

A
  1. inflammation
  2. oxidative stress
  3. insulin resistance
  4. dysfunctional angiogenesis
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11
Q

treatments of obesity (4)

A
  1. lifestyle changes: diet and physical activity
  2. behavioral weight loss programs
  3. pharmacotherapy
  4. weight loss surgery
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12
Q

obesity is a chronic condition characterized by __, which increases risk for adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and pschosocial health consequences

A

obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess body fat, which increases risk for adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and pschosocial health consequences

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13
Q

causes of obesity (6)

A
  1. genetic/epigenetic factors
  2. metabolic
  3. medical coniditons
  4. environmental
  5. medications
  6. behavioral factors
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14
Q

BMI =

A

weight (kg)/height (in^2)

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15
Q

underweight BMI category

A

<18.5

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16
Q

normal weight BMI category

A

18.5-24.9

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17
Q

overweight BMI category

A

25.0-29.9

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18
Q

obese BMI category

A

30+

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19
Q

3 classes of obesity

A

Class 1: 30.0-34.9
Class 2: 35.0-39.9
Class 3: 40+

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20
Q

advantages of BMI (4)

A

high correlation to % total body fat
minimal time
inexpensive
non-invasive

21
Q

limitations of BMI (2)

A
  1. surrogate measure
  2. ignores ethnic variability
22
Q

when is BMI an overestimation

A

high levels of muscle

23
Q

when is BMI an underestimate

A

low levels of muscle

24
Q

other screening methods for obesity (3)

A
  1. skinfold thickness
  2. waist-hip ratio (WHR) –> asian population has decreased waist circumference, so bound is lower
  3. DXA
25
Q

obesity and breast cancer: more adipocytes = more __ = more __

A

obesity and breast cancer: more adipocytes = more estrogen = more tumor growth

26
Q

breast cancer: increased number and size of adipocytes results in increased number of

A

pro-inflammatory immune cells

27
Q

breast cancer: increased number and size of adipocytes results in increased secretion of __, __, and __

A

breast cancer: increased number and size of adipocytes results in increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, pro-angiogenic factors (growth of blood vessels), and estrogen

28
Q

3 categories of obesity impacting fertility in men

A
  1. physical
  2. seminal
  3. hormonal
29
Q

physical impacts of obesity on male fertility (3)

A
  1. increased erectile dysfunction
  2. increased scrotal temperature
  3. increased sleep apnea (disrupts nocturnal rise in testosterone)
30
Q

seminal impacts of obesity on male fertility (4)

A
  1. oligozoospermia
  2. azoospermia
  3. increased DFI
  4. decreased semen volume
31
Q

hormonal impacts of obesity on male fertility (4)

A
  1. increased estrogen
  2. decreased testosterone
  3. increased insulin
  4. increased leptin
32
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

A

during sleep, airway structures like the tongue, soft palate and uvula either become too relaxed or are compressed due to external pressure, blocking the airway.
The airway can be narrow with a partial obstruction and snoring or it may actually close and cut off breathing.

33
Q

In obesity, there may be an increase in soft tissue inside the airway or excess tissue externally, which cause increased __ and __ of the airway

A

In obesity, there may be an increase in soft tissue inside the airway or excess tissue externally, which cause increased pressure and compression of the airway

34
Q

clinical symptoms of OSA

A

Excessive daytime somnolence
Loud snoring
Observed episodes of stopped breathing (apnea) during sleep
Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
Morning headaches
Difficulty concentrating during the day
Mood changes, such as depression or irritability
High blood pressure

35
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)

A

the sphincter muscle at bottom of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus

36
Q

with obesity, increased body fat (especially in abdomen), increased __ on lower esophageal sphincter causes __ and allows acid to reflux into esophagus

A

with obesity, increased body fat (especially in abdomen), increased pressure on lower esophageal sphincter causes relaxation and allows acid to reflux into esophagus

37
Q

clinical symptoms of GERD

A

burning (heartburn) in chest
chest or abdominal pain
regurgitation of liquids/solids
belching
chronic cough, esp at night
laryngitis
asthma flare

38
Q

progression of GERD

A

endoscopy → esophagitis → Barrett’s esophagus → dysplasia → esophageal cancer

39
Q

venous insufficiency is when:

A

valves in the leg veins do not function properly, and the return of blood to the heart is impaired.

40
Q

venous insufficiency: abdominal obesity leads to increased __

A

venous insufficiency: abdominal obesity leads to increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP)

41
Q

increased IAP is transmitted to veins of __, greater tension on venous __, and increased __

A

increased IAP is transmitted to veins of lower limbs, greater tension on venous walls, and increased diameter

42
Q

venous insufficiency progression

A

Chronic increased pressure on vessel walls → decreased venous elasticity → venous valve dysfunction over time with venous stasis/pooling of blood (also incr risk for deep venous thrombosis)

43
Q

clinical symptoms of venous insufficiency

A

Varicose veins → pressure changes shape of blood vessels)
Swelling of the legs and ankles
Itching (pruritus)
Hyperpigmentation (dark discoloration of the skin)
Skin abnormalities like thickening
Increased risk of infection and ulcers

44
Q

osteoarthritis (OA) is

A

Degenerative disorder due to increased stress on joints → breakdown of cartilage in the joints.
Without cartilage, the joint space becomes more narrow and can cause pain due to friction (bone on bone) → lead to bone damage & inflammation in joint space as well.

45
Q

OA: higher bodyweight = increased

A

OA: higher bodyweight = increased stress on joints in lower extremities

46
Q

clinical symptoms of OA

A

Pain; exacerbated by extensive use
Reduced range of motion and crepitus
Stiffness
Swelling

47
Q

why is it so hard to lose and maintain weight loss (3)

A
  1. Obesogenic environment
  2. Neuronal mechanisms that reward us when we eat fatty, starchy or sugary food
  3. Counterregulatory adaptations to weight loss to protect us from starvation
48
Q

obesogenic environment promotes __ and discourages __

A

obesogenic environment promotes overconsumption and discourages volitional physical activity

Integrative Nutrition and Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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