CVD 1

Question 1

pathophysiological events of atherosclerosis:
inflammation and activation of __ cells
__ deposition and modification (__ cell formation)

Answer 1

pathophysiological events of atherosclerosis:
inflammation and activation of endothelial cells
lipoprotein deposition and modification (foam cell formation)

Question 2

pathophysiological events of atherosclerosis:
__ formation, __ core, thrombosis, and __
precipitation of __ events

Answer 2

pathophysiological events of atherosclerosis:
plaque formation, necrotic core, thrombosis, and remodeling
precipitation of acute events

Question 3

when do atherosclerosis symptoms arise

Answer 3

only once the artery is severely blocked

Question 4

when do atherosclerosis warning signs appear

Answer 4

sometimes days or weeks before a medical emergency

Question 5

3 types of atherosclerosis symtpoms

Answer 5

neurological
pulmonary
cardiological

Question 6

neurological symptoms of atherosclerosis

Answer 6

dizziness and fatigue

Question 7

pulmonary symptoms of atherosclerosis

Answer 7

shortness of breath

Question 8

cardiological symptoms of atherosclerosis

Answer 8

chest discomfort/pain

Question 9

symptoms of stroke

Answer 9

• Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arms, or legs (especially on one side of body)
• Sudden trouble speaking or understanding others
• Slurred or confused speech
• Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
• Severe dizziness or loss of balance
• Trouble walking
• Sudden and severe headache

Question 10

symtpoms of stroke are typically located

Answer 10

only in one side of the body

Question 11

symptoms of heart attack

Answer 11

• Chest pain (mild discomfort or severe, crushing pain)
• Pain in one or both arms or shoulders
• Discomfort in neck or jaw
• Nausea or vomiting
• Heart palpitations
• Anxiety or a feeling of “impending doom”
• Sweating, dizziness, and/or fainting

Question 12

what symptom can be both stroke and heart attack

Answer 12

dizziness

Question 13

__ is causal of atherosclerosis

Answer 13

LDL is causal of atherosclerosis

Question 14

3 steps of atherosclerosis

Answer 14

1. initiation
2. progression
3. rupture

Question 15

initiation:
__ dysfunction
atherogenic __ deposition
__ conditions
Injury/cell death, glycocalyx degradation, hyperpermeability, leukocyte adhesion

Answer 15

initiation:
endothelial dysfunction
atherogenic lipid deposition
proinflammatory conditions
Injury/cell death, glycocalyx degradation, hyperpermeability, leukocyte adhesion

Question 16

progression:
__
formation of __
__ and necrotic cores

Answer 16

progression:
vasoconstriction
formation of fatty streak
plaques and necrotic cores

Question 17

rupture:
impaired __
__ Atherothrombosis
intraplaque __/__

Answer 17

rupture:
impaired inflammation
resolution Atherothrombosis
intraplaque hemorrhage/neoangiogenesis

Question 18

immune system LDL steps

Answer 18

1. cytokines oxidize LDL particles
2. oxidized LDL particles are internalized by macrophages –> become foam cells

Question 19

3 steps of foam cell formation

Answer 19

capture
rolling
penetration

Question 20

foam cell formation: capture
__ capture by E-Selectins

Answer 20

foam cell formation: capture
leukocytes capture by E-Selectins

Question 21

foam cell formation: rolling
__ rolling, activation of __, adhesion to __
this all increases endothelial __

Answer 21

foam cell formation: rolling
leukocyte rolling, activation of chemokines, adhesion to endothelial cells
this all increases endothelial permeability

Question 22

foam cell formation: penetration
__ penetrates arterial intima

Answer 22

foam cell formation: penetration
monocyte penetrates arterial intima

Question 23

final step of foam cell formation
monocyte uptakes __ molecules via __ receptors and forms __ on __ wall

Answer 23

final step of foam cell formation
monocyte uptakes LDL molecules via scavenger receptors and forms plaque on arterial wall

Question 24

pathways that activate __ expression affect atherosclerosis by __ inflammation

Answer 24

pathways that activate NF-kB expression affect atherosclerosis by increasing inflammation

Question 25

characteristics of vulnerable plaques

Answer 25

thickening and accumulation of lipids and foam cells --> rupture

Question 26

4 therapeutic options to treat atherosclerosis

Answer 26

1. environmental factor modification 2. drug therapy 3. clinical intervention 4. gene therapy

Question 27

environmental modification to treat atherosclerosis

Answer 27

1. smoking cessation 2. weight management 3. physical activity interventions

Question 28

drug therapy for atherosclerosis

Answer 28

1. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 2. Ezetimbe 3. Fibrates 4. Anti-hypertensive agents 5. Anti-hyperglycemic agents

Question 29

clinical interventions for atherosclerosis

Answer 29

1. intra-arterial catheterization balloon angioplasty 2. stenting 3. operation

Question 30

gene therapy for atherosclerosis

Answer 30

1. genetic manipulation of scavenger receptors by delivering a transgene or gene blockade 2. EX: decoy oligonucleotides, siRNA

Question 31

n-6 FA __ inflammation n-3 FA __ inflammation

Answer 31

n-6 FA **increase** inflammation n-3 FA **decrease** inflammation

Question 32

general benefits of n-3 FA

Answer 32

1. inflammation 2. metabolic syndrome 3. some cancers 4. pregnancy 5. brain and CNS 6. CVD

Question 33

n-3 FA help inflammation by improving __ function

Answer 33

n-3 FA help inflammation by improving **immune** function

Question 34

n-3 FA help metabolic syndrome by improving __

Answer 34

n-3 FA help metabolic syndrome by improving **insulin sensitivity**

Question 35

n-3 FAs help cancer by limiting __ and causing a better response to __

Answer 35

n-3 FAs help cancer by limiting **tumor growth** and causing a better response to **chemotherapy**

Question 36

n-3 FA in CVD helps (3)

Answer 36

1. BP 2. plasma lipids 3. vascular/cardiac function

Question 37

n-3 FA in atherosclerosis decreased arterial __ deposition decreased __ cytokines decreased __ cells increased __ __ mediators

Answer 37

n-3 FA in atherosclerosis decreased arterial **lipid** deposition decreased **pro-inflammatory** cytokines decreased **pro-inflammatory** cells increased **anti-inflammatory** **lipid** mediators

Question 38

pro-inflammtory cytokines reduced by n-3 FA

Answer 38

monocytes macrophages dendritic cells (DC)

Question 39

increased anti-inflammatory lipid mediators by n-3 FA

Answer 39

eicosanoids resolvins protectins

Question 40

decreased arterial lipid depositon by n-3 FA

Answer 40

arterial LpL arterial macrophages

Question 41

decreased pro-inflammatory cells

Answer 41

activation endothelium NE/MO recruitment DC maturation