Diabetes 4

Question 1

reduced or obliterated insulin secretion
5-10% of people with diabetes

Answer 1

T1DM

Question 2

increased insulin resistance and the inability of beta-cell to compensate for this resistance
90-95% of people with diabetes

Answer 2

T2DM

Question 3

first surfaces during pregnancy

Answer 3

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Question 4

blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet diagnosed as type 2 diabetes
96 million adults, more than 1 in 3

Answer 4

pre-diabetes

Question 5

3 factors that influence diabetes

Answer 5

1. obesity
2. cholesterol
3. cytokines

Question 6

obesity leads to __ which leads to diabetes

Answer 6

obesity leads to insulin resistance which leads to diabetes

Question 7

high HDL, low LDL, TG lead to __ which leads to diabetes

Answer 7

high HDL, low LDL, TG lead to dyslipidemia which leads to diabetes

Question 8

secretion of inflammatory cytokines leads to __ which leads to diabetes

Answer 8

secretion of inflammatory cytokines leads to immune dysfunction which leads to diabetes

Question 9

2 measures of T2DM

Answer 9

1. beta-cell dysfunction
2. insulin resistance

Question 10

__ can inhibit beta-cell secretion

Answer 10

leptin can inhibit beta-cell secretion

Question 11

what amount of leptin is ideal

Answer 11

mid amount
U-shaped curve (too low or high is bad)

Question 12

contributors to T2DM

Answer 12

Diabetes genes
Adipokines
Inflammation
Hyperglycemia
Free fatty acids
Other factors

Question 13

what is insulin resistance?

Answer 13

When cells in muscle, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from your blood (NIDDK)

Question 14

why does insulin resistance occur?

Answer 14

1. High amounts of blood glucose cause more insulin to be secreted by the pancreas
2. Over time, the organs become less responsive to the insulin, glucose builds up in bloodstream and pancreas cannot keep up with insulin demands

Question 15

2 steps of insulin resistance

Answer 15

1) tissues unresponsive to insulin
2) impaired insulin secretion

Question 16

how do tissues become unresponsive to insulin?

Answer 16

1. secretion of adipokines
2. inflammatory signaling
3. abnormal fat distribution
4. abnormal lipid profiles

Question 17

__ and __ together impact T2DM greatly

Answer 17

overnutrition and inactivity together impact T2DM greatly

Question 18

__causes dyslipidemia

Answer 18

insulin resistance dyslipidemia

Question 19

3 things causing B-cell failure in T2DM

Answer 19

1. metabolic overload in beta-cells
2. ER stress
3. accumulation of amyloid fibrils

Question 20

ER stress is caused by

Answer 20

overload of protein folding capacity due to high insulin demand

Question 21

major risk factors for developing T2DM

Answer 21

family history
obesity
poor diet
gestational diabetes
physical inactivity

Question 22

2 lifestyle changes for diabetes

Answer 22

diet: MNT
physical activity

Question 23

goal of pharmacotherapy

Answer 23

glucose/insulin homeostasis

Question 24

4 treatments for diabetes

Answer 24

1. lifestyle changes (diet and PA)
2. pharmacotherapy
3. weight loss surgery
4. support

Question 25

goals for MNT: specific goals for

Answer 25

blood glucose
blood pressure
lipids

Question 26

A1c goal

Answer 26

< 7%

Question 27

blood pressure goal

Answer 27

< 140/80 mmHg

Question 28

LDL cholesterol goal
TG
HDL women
HDL men

Answer 28

LDL cholesterol goal: < 100 mg/dL
TG: < 150 mg/dL
HDL women: < 40 mg/dL
HDL men < 50 mg/dL

Question 29

diabetes prevention

Answer 29

Optimal nutrition for maintaining a healthy body weight and preventing insulin resistance

Question 30

diabetes pathogenesis

Answer 30

Beta-cell dysfunction
Insulin resistance

Question 31

diabetes prognosis

Answer 31

Dietary/lifestyle changes can help in the management of disease

Question 32

T2DM prevention and prognosis steps

Answer 32

1. Identify Individuals at Risk
2. Obesity Management (5-10% weight loss has large effect on diabetes risk)
3. Healthy Eating (Less: refined grains, alcohol, red/processed meats, SSBs, More: fiber, whole grains, plants)
4. Increase Physical Activity (30min MVPA, 5 days/week)
5. Support Behavior Change