CVD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

traditional ASCVD risk factors

A

Diabetes
Smoking
Obesity and overweight
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia

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2
Q

non-traditional ASCVD risk factors (no good validation)

A

Preterm delivery
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Autoimmune disease
Breast cancer treatment
Depression

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3
Q

ASCVD risk in women
__ 10 year risk, but __ lifetime risk
higher rates of __

A

ASCVD risk in women
lower 10 year risk, but higher lifetime risk
higher rates of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD)

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4
Q

signs of stable angina

A

pain with exertion only

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5
Q

unstable angina signa

A

pain at rest
symptoms new or escalated from baseline

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6
Q

non-ST segement elevation MI (NSTEMI) signs

A

same as unstable angina + troponin and CKMB

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7
Q

ST segment elevation MI (STEMI)

A

same as NSTEMI but with ST segment elevation

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8
Q

hyperlipidemia is

A

an excess of lipids or fats in blood

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9
Q

symptoms of high cholesterol

A

often no symptoms

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10
Q

strongest risk factor for CAD/CHD

A

hypercholesterolemia

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11
Q

people with high cholesterol have about __x the risk of heart disease

A

people with high cholesterol have about 2x the risk of heart disease

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12
Q

__% of American adults have high LDL cholesterol

A

33.5% of American adults have high LDL cholesterol

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13
Q

__% of adults with high LDL get treatment

A

< 50% of adults with high LDL get treatment

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14
Q

consequence of hyperlipidemia

A

atherosclerosis

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15
Q

5 types of people to screen for hyperlipidemia

A
  • Men at higher risk at 25 y.o.
  • Men at lower risk at 35 y.o.
  • Women at higher risk at 35 y.o.
  • Women at lower risk at 45 y.o.
  • People with diabetes
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16
Q

risk enhancers for hyperlipidemia

A
  • Family Hx
  • Persistently elevated LDL >= 160 mg/dL
  • Persistently elevated TGs >= 175 mg/mL
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Preeclampsia, gestational HTN, early menopause
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Inflammatory disease: RA, SLE, psoriasis, HIV
  • Ethnicity: South Asian ancestry
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17
Q

elevated LDL as a risk enhancer is

A

> = 160 mg/dL

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18
Q

elevated TGs as a risk enhancer is

A

> = 175 mg/dL

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19
Q

what ethnicity is a risk enhancer for hyperlipidemia

A

South Asian

20
Q

if measured in select individuals, these values are risk enhancers

A

Hs-CRP > = 2.0 mg/L
Lp(a) > 50 mg/dL or > 125 nmol/L
apoB > = 130 mg/dL
ABI < 0.9

21
Q

Lp(a) should be checked in adults and youth with (primary prevention)

A
  1. first-degree relatives with premature ASCVD or elevated Lp(a)
  2. personal history of premature ASCVD or ischemic stroke
  3. primary of familial high cholesterol
22
Q

Lp(a) should be checked in adults with (secondary prevention)

A
  1. premature ASCVD
  2. recurrent or progressive ASCVD (despite lipid-lowering)
  3. aortic stenosis
  4. less LDL-C lowering than expected with statins
23
Q

total cholesterol goal

A

< 200: normal*
200-239: Borderline
> 240: High

24
Q

bad LDL cholesterol goals

A

< 140: normal*
< 70 for CHD or DM (Diabetes Mellitus)
> 160: probably too high

25
good HDL cholesterol goals
> 60 for women > 40 for men
26
triglycerides goals
< 150: normal 150-199: borderline 200-499: high > 500: very high
27
statins are used for
primary and secondary prevention of CVD
28
statins in primary prevention of CVD
prevent or delay ONSET of CVD
29
statins in secondary prevention of CVD
treat CVD and prevent or delay disease manifestations
30
statins effects
reduce LDL by 30-60% mild increase in HDL decrease TGs by 14-33%
31
side effects of statins
rare hepatotoxicity proteinuria renal failure cognitive impairment diabetes
32
statins decrease __ no other lipid lowering drug besides __ does this
statins decrease **mortality** no other lipid lowering drug besides **PCSK9** does this
33
PCSK9 is a serine protease made in the liver that degrades __ and increases __ levels
PCSK9 is a serine protease made in the liver that degrades **LDL receptors** and increases **LDL** levels
34
PCSK9 inhibitors mechanism
monoclonal antibody inhibits PCSK9, prevents endocytosis of LDL-receptor
35
PCSK9 inhibitors decrease
mortality
36
2 lipid lowering drugs that decrease mortality
statins and PCSK9 inhibitors
37
PCSK9 inhibitor side effects
flu-like symptoms back and joint pain muscle pain
38
Statin + __ had greater LDL reduction that statin alone
Statin + **Evolocumab** had greater LDL reduction that statin alone
39
Statin + Evolocumab also reduced __, __, and __ BUT, not __
Statin + Evolocumab also reduced **cardiovascular death**, **stroke**, and **hospitalization** BUT, not **mortality**
40
statin + alirocumab showed reduced __ and __
statin + alirocumab showed reduced **MI** and **all cause mortality**
41
Vascepa helps fix blood __ levels but doesn't prevent __
Vascepa helps fix blood **TG** levels but doesn't prevent **CVD**
42
3 lifestyle modifications for CVD and hypertension
exercise diet smoking cessation
43
exercise recommendations
150 mins MVPA per week decreased sedentary time
44
diet recommendations: reduce
reduce sodium, potassium, alcohol
45
how should we reduce sodium
increase urine hydrate!
46
ideal diet
fruits, veggies, whole grains, lean protein
47
ideal diet: avoid
tropical oils SSB