Cancer 1 Flashcards
cancer risk factors
Age
Alcohol consumption
Cancer-causing substances
Chronic inflammation
Diet
Hormones
Immunosuppression
Infectious agents
Obesity
Radiation
Sunlight
Tobacco
symptoms of cancer
change in __ or __ habits
a __ that does not heal
unusual __ or __
thickening or __ somewhere
indigestion or difficulty __
obvious change in a __ or __
nagging __ or hoarsness
change in bowel or bladder habits
a sore that does not heal
unusual bleeding or discharge
thickening or lump somewhere
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
obvious change in a wart or mole
nagging cough or hoarsness
__ of annual cancer deaths in the US are attributed to nutrition and lifestyles
1/3 of annual cancer deaths in the US are attributed to nutrition and lifestyles
ppl with cancer and inadequate intake/reduced absorption of nutrients are at risk for __
ppl with cancer and inadequate intake/reduced absorption of nutrients are at risk for protein-calorie malnutrition
6 key lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk
1. not __
2. increasing __
3. maintain __ and avoid __ as an adult
4. eat __
5. take a __ daily
6. avoid long-term use of postmenopausal __
6 key lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk
1. not smoking
2. increasing physical
3. maintain healthy weight and avoid weight gain as an adult
4. eat a diet rich in fruits, veg, whole grains
5. take a multivitamin daily
6. avoid long-term use of postmenopausal hormone therapy
nutrition related side effects
chemotherapy + radiation therapy + hematopoietic cell transplant
anorexia
nausea/vomiting
mucositis
chemotherapy unique side effects
taste alterations
metallic taste
xerostomia
lactose intolerance
thrush
radiation unique side effects
taste alteration
dysphagia
dental caries
loss of teeth
swollen tender gums
change of smell
trismus (jaw muscle spasm)
malabsorption
fistulas
hematopoietic cell transplant unique side effects
early satiety
intestinal bleeding
renal impairment
oxteoporosis
endocrine complications
iron overload
obesity and cancer risk (3)
- adipose tissue
- hyperinsulinemia
- inflammation
obesity:
increased __ uptake –> decrease PHD3 expression –> __ -> __ suppression
obesity:
increased fatty acid uptake –> decrease PHD3 expression –> fatty acid oxidation -> T-cell suppression
__ T cell is inhibited from antitumor immunity like in lean patients
CD8+ T cell is inhibited from antitumor immunity like in lean patients
starvation
weight:
appetitie:
energy expenditure:
protein metabolism:
body fat:
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores:
glucose tolerance:
starvation
weight: decreased
appetitie: good
energy expenditure: decreased
protein metabolism: decreased
body fat: decreased
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores: decreased
glucose tolerance: normal
cachexia
weight:
appetitie:
energy expenditure:
protein metabolism:
body fat:
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores:
glucose tolerance:
cachexia
weight: decreased
appetitie: decreased
energy expenditure: can be any
protein metabolism: increased
body fat: decreased
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores: decreased
glucose tolerance: variable
why is physical activity good for cancer prevention?
reduction in __
normalization of __ and __ levels
reduced long-term __
why is physical activity good for cancer prevention?
reduction in insulin
normalization of estradiol and testosterone levels
reduced long-term inflammation
a tumor-bearing host is energetically __
a tumor-bearing host is energetically less efficient
cancer cachexia is caused by (2)
increased expenditure + decreased food intake
is decreased food consumption always associated with decreased metabolism in cancer
NO
__ REE in cancer
higher REE in cancer
how is carb metabolism affected by cancer?
cancer cells require glucose
cytokines released after carb metabolism
cancer patients have increased use of the __ cycle which causes elevated __
cancer patients have increased use of the cori cycle which causes elevated lactate
cancer alterations in insulin
- insulin resistance
- abnormal insulin secretion
- delayed glucose clearance
alterations in protein metabolism
- Increased whole-body protein turnover
- Increased protein synthesis in liver
- Reduced protein synthesis in muscle
alterations in fat metabolism
- excess body fat depletion (more than protein loss)
- increased lipolysis
- decreased lipogenesis
- hyperlipidemia
