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Life Cycle > Nutritional requirements of adolescents > Flashcards

Nutritional requirements of adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

How do nutritional recommendations for adolescents compare to adults or young children?

A

higher

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2
Q

Determining nutritional requirements for adolescents is less than optimal except for _____, ______, and _____ and ______

A

energy, water, iron, protein

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3
Q

Why is it hard to determine the nutritional requirements for this group?

A

chronological and physical age problems; won’t participate in research; large variety of lifestyles

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4
Q

What does the information gathered indicate about nutrients in adolescence?

A

the requirements are high

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5
Q

Who is less vulnerable to inadequate nutrients besides iron?

A

females

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6
Q

Males will general consume _______ kcal/day more than females

A

1000-1500

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7
Q

When might females be more likely to develop nutritional problems?

A

when they have very low intakes

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8
Q

What are nutrients highly related to?

A

overall growth, growth of lean body mass, skeletal mass, and red blood cell volume

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9
Q

What are the top nutrient priorities?

A

energy, protein, iron, calcium

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10
Q

What are the second priorities for nutrients?

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, zinc, magnesium, vitamin D

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11
Q

What create an increase in demand for calories int eh adolescent years?

A

rapid growth

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12
Q

When is the highest demand for calories?

A

growth spurt peak

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13
Q

When might delayed menarche happen?

A

energy restriction

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14
Q

When does caloric intake for males usually peak?

A

14-16 years of age

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15
Q

What happens to calorie intake from 16-20 years for males?

A

energy needs decrease by about 500 kcal/day

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16
Q

When does energy intake increase and peak for females?

A

12-14 years

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17
Q

What happens to energy intake for females by the age of 18?

A

decreases by about 400 kcal/day

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18
Q

The typical college female consumes ______ kcal/day or less

A

1800-2000

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19
Q

The typical male 14-16 years of age consumes ______ kcal/day

A

3000-3500

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20
Q

What is the kcal recommendation for females based on weight?

A

40 kcal/kg BW/day

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21
Q

What is the kcal recommendation for males based on weight?

A

55 kcal/kg BW/day

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22
Q

What is the best way to calculate energy recommendations during the adolescent period?

A

kcal/height

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23
Q

Why can’t you place average values of energy intake during this period?

A

there is a variation of energy needs during this time

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24
Q

Energy needs are more related to _______ and ________ than chronological age

A

physiological growth and physical activity

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25
Q

What has happened to energy intake of teens in the last 30-40 years?

A

decreased

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26
Q

What has happened to the percent body fat in the last 30-40 years

A

increased over time

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27
Q

Why has body fat percentage increased over the last 30-40 years?

A

lifestyle, used to be more active (computer games, TV)

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28
Q

What happens to protein needs during adolescence?

A

increase to accommodate for extra growth

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29
Q

How does protein intake relate to kcal intake during adolescence?

A

follows the same pattern–needs increase

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30
Q

When will and adolescent be in positive protein balance?

A

when energy needs are met and protein comprises >10%

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31
Q

What is necessary for proper utilization of protein?

A

energy intake

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32
Q

What happens to fat intake when energy intake increases?

A

fat intake increases

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33
Q

Diets of adolescents exceed recommendations for _____ and ______

A

total fat and saturated fat

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34
Q

When might exceeding fat and saturated fat levels be a problem?

A

when it becomes a lifelong eating pattern

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35
Q

What is the requirement for carbs in this age group?

A

none

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36
Q

What happens to the fat intake requirements for females from age 7 to 12?

A

increases

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37
Q

What happens to the fat intake requirements for males from age 11 to 18?

A

increases

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38
Q

What percentage of kcal is fat intake?

A

35-40

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39
Q

What happens to the requirements for most minerals during adolescence?

A

increase

40
Q

What are minerals are related to increased skeletal formation?

A

Ca, P

41
Q

What minerals are related to an increase in muscle mass?

A

Zinc

42
Q

What minerals are related to an increase in blood volume?

A

Fe, P, K

43
Q

What general correlates positively with growth rate?

A

calcium

44
Q

When is the greatest calcium requirement?

A

peak growth period

45
Q

What fraction of adult skeletal mass is deposited furring adolescent years?

A

1/2

46
Q

What influences later development of osteoporosis?

A

skeletal calcium content by age 35

47
Q

Can you catch up if you’re deficient in calcium before the age of 35?

A

can’t completely catch up which could increase the risk of osteoporosis in the future

48
Q

When is the largest gain in skeletal calcium in females?

A

10-14 years of age

49
Q

when is the largest gain in skeletal calcium in males?

A

12-16 years of age

50
Q

100 mg/day of calcium is added to the bone during _____ and ______

A

preschool and early school years

51
Q

The rate of calcium added to the bone nearly ____ for females and _____ for males during peak growth rate

A

doubles, triples

52
Q

What is the requirement of calcium for maintenance (turnover)

A

200-300 mg/da

53
Q

How much calcium is required by body?

A

400-600 mg/day

54
Q

At what rate is calcium absorbed?

A

50%

55
Q

What is one of the best sources of calcium?

A

milk

56
Q

How many servings of milk will meet the calcium intake?

A

4 servings of 8 oz of milk

57
Q

Why do most adolescents meet their calcium intake?

A

increase use of milk products such as chess (pizza, mac and cheese), increase of calcium fortified foods, use of supplements

58
Q

Why is there an increased need for iron during adolescence?

A

growth and sexual maturation

59
Q

When are the requirements for iron close for both males and females?

A

12-16 years of age

60
Q

Why is there an increased need for iron in males?

A

increase in blood volume and muscle mass

61
Q

Why is there an increased need for iron in females?

A

beginning of menstrual cycle

62
Q

In both females and males there is an increased need of iron because ______ concentrations are increased compared to values in childhood

A

hemoglobin

63
Q

What are adverse effects of iron deficiency?

A

anemia, fatigue, lack of energy, decreased athletic performance

64
Q

Why should meat be included in the diet on a regular basis?

A

1 oz of meat is about 1 mg of iron

65
Q

What percentage of meat is heme iron?

A

50

66
Q

What types of foods are iron fortified?

A

cereals and breads

67
Q

What is necessary for growth and sexual maturation?

A

Zinc

68
Q

Why does the body level of zinc decline during adolescence?

A

reflects increased need or redistribution of plasma zinc

69
Q

What can zinc deficiency delay?

A

the onset of sexual maturation

70
Q

Where is zinc deficiency prevalent?

A

in the middle east

71
Q

Why is zinc deficiency more prevalent in the middle east?

A

bread is unleavened so some minerals are bound and can’t be released

72
Q

Where do requirements for trace minerals come from?

A

adult values

73
Q

What is the general assumption for the requirement for most vitamins?

A

somewhat increased

74
Q

Vitamins that are closely related to _______ are particularly increased

A

energy/protein growth

75
Q

Are vitamin deficiencies uncommon during adolescent period?

A

mild ones aren’t

76
Q

Why are there mild vitamin deficiencies not uncommon during the adolescent period?

A

inadequate overall energy consumption, poorly chosen diets, moderately increased requirements for the vitamin

77
Q

What are the most problematic vitamins during adolescence?

A

A, C, B6, D, riboflavin, folate

78
Q

Why are intakes of vitamin A teens poor?

A

low fruit/vegetable intake

79
Q

What has been seen in 9% of adolescents in relation to vitamin A?

A

follicular hyperkeratosis

80
Q

When are liver vitamin A stores low?

A

11-20 years or age

81
Q

When are you at a higher risk for Vitamin A deficiency?

A

hispanic/minority background; low income families

82
Q

What vitamin is not problematic for most adolescents?

A

vitamin C

83
Q

When is there a problem with vitamin C deficiency in teens?

A

smoking or those that have low fruit/vegetable intake

84
Q

Why is the requirement for riboflavin higher during adolescence?

A

higher energy requirement

85
Q

When are riboflavin requirements especially low?

A

when milk products aren’t consumed

86
Q

Who is at a greater risk of riboflavin deficiency?

A

lactose intolerant (african americans)

87
Q

Survey found that ___ out of 10 males and ___ out of 10 females drank no milk

A

2, 4

88
Q

What is related to an increased lean body mass and protein metabolism?

A

vitamin B6

89
Q

What are rich sources of vitamin B6?

A

meats, nuts, bananas, legumes

90
Q

What is the requirement for vitamin D in adolescence?

A

increased requirement

91
Q

Why is there particular vitamin D deficiency in the northern part of US?

A

lack of sun exposure

92
Q

What is folate related to?

A

DNA synthesis

93
Q

Why is there an increase in the requirement of folate during adolescence?

A

increase in blood volume due to increased grwoth

94
Q

What is a rich source of folate?

A

dark green leafy vegetables

95
Q

What is a typical diet in adolescence high in?

A

fat, saturated fat, sodium

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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