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Nutritional requirements of adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

How do nutritional recommendations for adolescents compare to adults or young children?

A

higher

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2
Q

Determining nutritional requirements for adolescents is less than optimal except for _____, ______, and _____ and ______

A

energy, water, iron, protein

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3
Q

Why is it hard to determine the nutritional requirements for this group?

A

chronological and physical age problems; won’t participate in research; large variety of lifestyles

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4
Q

What does the information gathered indicate about nutrients in adolescence?

A

the requirements are high

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5
Q

Who is less vulnerable to inadequate nutrients besides iron?

A

females

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6
Q

Males will general consume _______ kcal/day more than females

A

1000-1500

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7
Q

When might females be more likely to develop nutritional problems?

A

when they have very low intakes

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8
Q

What are nutrients highly related to?

A

overall growth, growth of lean body mass, skeletal mass, and red blood cell volume

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9
Q

What are the top nutrient priorities?

A

energy, protein, iron, calcium

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10
Q

What are the second priorities for nutrients?

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, zinc, magnesium, vitamin D

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11
Q

What create an increase in demand for calories int eh adolescent years?

A

rapid growth

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12
Q

When is the highest demand for calories?

A

growth spurt peak

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13
Q

When might delayed menarche happen?

A

energy restriction

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14
Q

When does caloric intake for males usually peak?

A

14-16 years of age

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15
Q

What happens to calorie intake from 16-20 years for males?

A

energy needs decrease by about 500 kcal/day

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16
Q

When does energy intake increase and peak for females?

A

12-14 years

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17
Q

What happens to energy intake for females by the age of 18?

A

decreases by about 400 kcal/day

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18
Q

The typical college female consumes ______ kcal/day or less

A

1800-2000

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19
Q

The typical male 14-16 years of age consumes ______ kcal/day

A

3000-3500

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20
Q

What is the kcal recommendation for females based on weight?

A

40 kcal/kg BW/day

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21
Q

What is the kcal recommendation for males based on weight?

A

55 kcal/kg BW/day

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22
Q

What is the best way to calculate energy recommendations during the adolescent period?

A

kcal/height

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23
Q

Why can’t you place average values of energy intake during this period?

A

there is a variation of energy needs during this time

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24
Q

Energy needs are more related to _______ and ________ than chronological age

A

physiological growth and physical activity

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25
What has happened to energy intake of teens in the last 30-40 years?
decreased
26
What has happened to the percent body fat in the last 30-40 years
increased over time
27
Why has body fat percentage increased over the last 30-40 years?
lifestyle, used to be more active (computer games, TV)
28
What happens to protein needs during adolescence?
increase to accommodate for extra growth
29
How does protein intake relate to kcal intake during adolescence?
follows the same pattern--needs increase
30
When will and adolescent be in positive protein balance?
when energy needs are met and protein comprises >10%
31
What is necessary for proper utilization of protein?
energy intake
32
What happens to fat intake when energy intake increases?
fat intake increases
33
Diets of adolescents exceed recommendations for _____ and ______
total fat and saturated fat
34
When might exceeding fat and saturated fat levels be a problem?
when it becomes a lifelong eating pattern
35
What is the requirement for carbs in this age group?
none
36
What happens to the fat intake requirements for females from age 7 to 12?
increases
37
What happens to the fat intake requirements for males from age 11 to 18?
increases
38
What percentage of kcal is fat intake?
35-40
39
What happens to the requirements for most minerals during adolescence?
increase
40
What are minerals are related to increased skeletal formation?
Ca, P
41
What minerals are related to an increase in muscle mass?
Zinc
42
What minerals are related to an increase in blood volume?
Fe, P, K
43
What general correlates positively with growth rate?
calcium
44
When is the greatest calcium requirement?
peak growth period
45
What fraction of adult skeletal mass is deposited furring adolescent years?
1/2
46
What influences later development of osteoporosis?
skeletal calcium content by age 35
47
Can you catch up if you're deficient in calcium before the age of 35?
can't completely catch up which could increase the risk of osteoporosis in the future
48
When is the largest gain in skeletal calcium in females?
10-14 years of age
49
when is the largest gain in skeletal calcium in males?
12-16 years of age
50
100 mg/day of calcium is added to the bone during _____ and ______
preschool and early school years
51
The rate of calcium added to the bone nearly ____ for females and _____ for males during peak growth rate
doubles, triples
52
What is the requirement of calcium for maintenance (turnover)
200-300 mg/da
53
How much calcium is required by body?
400-600 mg/day
54
At what rate is calcium absorbed?
50%
55
What is one of the best sources of calcium?
milk
56
How many servings of milk will meet the calcium intake?
4 servings of 8 oz of milk
57
Why do most adolescents meet their calcium intake?
increase use of milk products such as chess (pizza, mac and cheese), increase of calcium fortified foods, use of supplements
58
Why is there an increased need for iron during adolescence?
growth and sexual maturation
59
When are the requirements for iron close for both males and females?
12-16 years of age
60
Why is there an increased need for iron in males?
increase in blood volume and muscle mass
61
Why is there an increased need for iron in females?
beginning of menstrual cycle
62
In both females and males there is an increased need of iron because ______ concentrations are increased compared to values in childhood
hemoglobin
63
What are adverse effects of iron deficiency?
anemia, fatigue, lack of energy, decreased athletic performance
64
Why should meat be included in the diet on a regular basis?
1 oz of meat is about 1 mg of iron
65
What percentage of meat is heme iron?
50
66
What types of foods are iron fortified?
cereals and breads
67
What is necessary for growth and sexual maturation?
Zinc
68
Why does the body level of zinc decline during adolescence?
reflects increased need or redistribution of plasma zinc
69
What can zinc deficiency delay?
the onset of sexual maturation
70
Where is zinc deficiency prevalent?
in the middle east
71
Why is zinc deficiency more prevalent in the middle east?
bread is unleavened so some minerals are bound and can't be released
72
Where do requirements for trace minerals come from?
adult values
73
What is the general assumption for the requirement for most vitamins?
somewhat increased
74
Vitamins that are closely related to _______ are particularly increased
energy/protein growth
75
Are vitamin deficiencies uncommon during adolescent period?
mild ones aren't
76
Why are there mild vitamin deficiencies not uncommon during the adolescent period?
inadequate overall energy consumption, poorly chosen diets, moderately increased requirements for the vitamin
77
What are the most problematic vitamins during adolescence?
A, C, B6, D, riboflavin, folate
78
Why are intakes of vitamin A teens poor?
low fruit/vegetable intake
79
What has been seen in 9% of adolescents in relation to vitamin A?
follicular hyperkeratosis
80
When are liver vitamin A stores low?
11-20 years or age
81
When are you at a higher risk for Vitamin A deficiency?
hispanic/minority background; low income families
82
What vitamin is not problematic for most adolescents?
vitamin C
83
When is there a problem with vitamin C deficiency in teens?
smoking or those that have low fruit/vegetable intake
84
Why is the requirement for riboflavin higher during adolescence?
higher energy requirement
85
When are riboflavin requirements especially low?
when milk products aren't consumed
86
Who is at a greater risk of riboflavin deficiency?
lactose intolerant (african americans)
87
Survey found that ___ out of 10 males and ___ out of 10 females drank no milk
2, 4
88
What is related to an increased lean body mass and protein metabolism?
vitamin B6
89
What are rich sources of vitamin B6?
meats, nuts, bananas, legumes
90
What is the requirement for vitamin D in adolescence?
increased requirement
91
Why is there particular vitamin D deficiency in the northern part of US?
lack of sun exposure
92
What is folate related to?
DNA synthesis
93
Why is there an increase in the requirement of folate during adolescence?
increase in blood volume due to increased grwoth
94
What is a rich source of folate?
dark green leafy vegetables
95
What is a typical diet in adolescence high in?
fat, saturated fat, sodium

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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