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Life Cycle > GI and Renal Systems > Flashcards

GI and Renal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

There is an _____ in lingual lipase and a ______ in salivary amylase during infancy

A

increase; decrease

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2
Q

When do infants get teeth/gain chewing motion and ability

A

4-6 months

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3
Q

What is the stomach capacity of an infant?

A

very small

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4
Q

What types of feedings should the infant experience?

A

small, frequent; newborns will have 6-10 a day, 1 year will have 3-4

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5
Q

How does the secretion of HCl and pepsin in infants compare to that in adults?

A

much less

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6
Q

Does a decrease in secretion of HCl and pepsin impact protein digestion for human milk?

A

no

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7
Q

What activity does gastric juice contain in an infant?

A

lipolytic activity (gastric lipase)

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8
Q

What is lipolytic activity needed for?

A

digestion of medium chain triglycerides

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9
Q

Where does most of the digestion in an infant take place?

A

small intestine (duodenum and upper jejunum)

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10
Q

What three activities for protein digestion are low in young infants?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases

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11
Q

Human milk is relatively ___ in protein

A

low

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12
Q

Why is getting too much protein not a problem in infants?

A

breast milk and formula are low in it but it could be a problem if it comes from other sources

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13
Q

Absorbed intact during the first 4 months of life; needed for infant immune protection

A

immunoglobins

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14
Q

Feeding solid foods proteins in infancy may contribute to what?

A

food allergies

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15
Q

When does pancreatic lipase activity peak?

A

6-12 months

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16
Q

Is bile salt secretion higher or lower in infants vs adults?

A

lower

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17
Q

What does low bile salt secretion impair?

A

ability to form micelles

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18
Q

What are micelles used for?

A

emulsification of bile

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19
Q

Do MCT need micelle formation in order to digest and absorb fat?

A

no

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20
Q

Long chain saturated fatty acids are _______ absorbed

A

poorly

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21
Q

Human milk is better absorbed than ________ which is better absorbed than _______

A

vegetable oil/formula fat; cow’s milk fat

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22
Q

How does the digestion of fat intake vary from that of an adult?

A

more difficulty digesting and absorbing a variety of different kinds of fats

23
Q

What can problems absorbing fat lead to?

A

steatorrhea

24
Q

What amylase activity is low in infants?

A

pancreatic alpha

25
Q

Why shouldn’t infants be fed cereal from 0-4 months?

A

their capacity to hydrolyze starch is limited

26
Q

What are three mucosal disaccharidases

A

lactase, sucrase, maltase

27
Q

Are mucosal disacchardiase activities high at birth?

A

yes

28
Q

Vitamin and mineral absorption is ______

A

adequate

29
Q

Is mineral absorption decreased or increased in formula compared to breast milk?

A

decreased

30
Q

When do babies experience frequent, small amounts of yellow-green loose stool?

A

breast fed

31
Q

What four reflexes do infants have?

A

rooting, suckling, swallowing, extrusion

32
Q

What is the extrusion reflex?

A

food in front of mouth

33
Q

When do reflexes disappear?

A

3-4 months

34
Q

When should infants be placed on solid food?

A

not before 4-6 months

35
Q

When should infants be given cow’s milk

A

not prior to the age of 1

36
Q

Why do infants have a problem with water balance and dehydration?

A

they have difficulty concentrating urine

37
Q

Nonmetabolizable dietary components, mostly electrolytes, in excess of body needs and nitrogen containing end products of metabolism

A

renal solutes

38
Q

What things may be secreted from the body?

A

renal solutes (Na, K, Cl, P, urea, uric acid, creatine)

39
Q

In what 3 situations is consideration of renal solute load important?

A
  1. low fluid, high kcal diets 2. abnormally high extra renal water losses (fever, diarrhea) 3. impaired renal concentrating ability
40
Q

What is osmolarity

A

number of osmotically active particles per liter

41
Q

1 mole of glucose = ___ osmole of glucose

A

1

42
Q

1 mole of NaCl = ___ osmoses of NaCl solution

A

2

43
Q

Assumes that none of the elements were utilized by body or lost by non renal routes

A

Potential renal slute load

44
Q

How can PRSL be calculated?

A

assuming all dietary nitrogen is excreted as urea an adding electrolytes in food

45
Q

Crude protein =

A

N*6.25

46
Q

What type of milk is in the osmotic range for infants?

A

human; cows milk is not

47
Q

Immature and can maintain water and electrolyte balance only within a fairly narrow range of intakes and losses

A

Kidneys

48
Q

Not fully developed. tubules are short and do not reach mature proportions until 5 months

A

nephrons

49
Q

What is considered stressful for an infant’s kidneys?

A

high protein, high mineral foods

50
Q

What is metabolic water derived from?

A

oxidation of fat, carbohydrate, and protein

51
Q

What are the main causes of water loss?

A

evaporation, fecal and urinary excretion

52
Q

What are usual evaporative losses of water?

A

450 mL for each 1000 kcal expended

53
Q

Infants cannot maintain water balance if predicted urine osmolarity is greater than ______

A

1100 mosmol/l

54
Q

What leads to dehydration?

A

infants having to use body water to get rid of renal solutes

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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