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Life Cycle > Nutrient Requirements > Flashcards

Nutrient Requirements Flashcards

1
Q

Why do nutrient deficiencies show up so quickly in infants?

A

rapid growth

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2
Q

Why is the infant self regulating an advantage of breast feeding over bottle feeding?

A

bottle feeding encourages baby to finish bottle

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3
Q

What is the best indicator of caloric sufficiency?

A

growth

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4
Q

How do both breast fed and bottle fed babies grow best?

A

feedings on demand rather than schedule feeding

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5
Q

When are infants best at regulating their caloric intake?

A

after 40 days of age

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6
Q

What happens if the formula is too low in caloric density?

A

the infant can’t consume enough volume to make up the difference

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7
Q

What happens to kcal required/kg body weight as age increases?

A

decreases

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8
Q

Are protein requirements of infants higher or lower than adults?

A

higher

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9
Q

What is the protein content of formulas?

A

more than needed; usually harmless

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10
Q

When is protein intake a problem in an infant?

A

when they are not totally breast or bottle fed

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11
Q

Why is protein intake decreased when solid foods are introduced?

A

infants eat a lot of bananas, carrots, apple sauce, etc

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12
Q

Why is protein intake more of a problem in breast fed infants?

A

breast milk is low in protein and solid foods can be too depending on what they are

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13
Q

What essential amino acids do infants need in addition to those that adults need?

A

histidine, arginine, taurine

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14
Q

What three things are true if protein and amino acid requirements are adequate?

A

growth is adequate, promotes positive nitrogen balance, maintain normal serum albumin concentrations

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15
Q

What percent of infant kcal’s should be from fat?

A

40-55%

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16
Q

Why is skim milk not good for infants?

A

they need fat

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17
Q

Why are diets high in fat bad for infants?

A

may lead to excessive kcal intake and infantile obesity plus fat malabsorption

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18
Q

What is essential for normal growth and skin integrity for the infant?

A

linoleic acid

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19
Q

What percentage of linoleum acid does breast milk contain? formula?

A

5% and 10%

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20
Q

What is linolenic acid essential for?

A

EPA and DHA

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21
Q

What is DHA important for?

A

brain and retina development

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22
Q

What is the cholesterol content of human milk?

A

high

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23
Q

What is cholesterol used in?

A

making membranes, steroid hormones, bile acids and growth of neural tissue

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24
Q

What can affect cholesterol degrading enzyme systems?

A

exogenous cholesterol

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25
Q

Cholesterol degrading enzyme systems may affect what?

A

serum cholesterol levels in adults

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26
Q

Is there a minimum requirement for carbohydrates?

A

no but there should be enough to prevent ketosis

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27
Q

What percentage of kcal’s are carbs in breast milk?

A

37%

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28
Q

What percentage of kcal’s are carbs in formula?

A

40-50%

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29
Q

What type of carbs are found in breast milk?

A

lactose

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30
Q

What types of carbs are found in formula?

A

lactose, sucrose, corn syrup

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31
Q

Lactose promotes the growth of ______

A

lactobacilli

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32
Q

What are lactobacilli and what do they do?

A

good bacteria that decrease pH in intestinal tract

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33
Q

What does a decrease in pH of the intestinal tract increase?

A

absorption of calcium and magenesium

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34
Q

What is needed in neural development?

A

galactose

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35
Q

What is a genetic problem that impacts an infants ability to degrade galactose

A

galactosemia

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36
Q

What happens in galactosemia?

A

galactose accumulates in tissues resulting in failure to thrive, liver disease, cataracts, and mental retardation

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37
Q

What is the treatment for galactosemia?

A

avoid dietary lactose/galactose, infant is placed on soy based diet

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38
Q

Why can’t an infant consume honey?

A

botulinum sports can grow in infants GI tract

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39
Q

Can’t digest lactose, rare in infants

A

lactose intolerance

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40
Q

What is the treatment for lactose intolerance?

A

switch to non milk based formula

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41
Q

Where is vitamin A deficiency most prevalent?

A

developing countries

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42
Q

What is the most common cause of preventable blindness in children around the world?

A

vitamin A deficiency

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43
Q

Is there a difference in the vitamin D requirement for infants and adults?

A

no

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44
Q

Why is the vitamin E requirement high?

A

related to polyunsaturated fatty acid intake

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45
Q

There is a low status of this vitamin at birth…injection often given upon birth

A

Vitamin K

46
Q

What doe hemorrhagic diseases of the newborn cause?

A

increased risk of bleeding

47
Q

How do you treat hemorrhagic disease?

A

vitamin K injections and light

48
Q

What is the deficiency for vitamin C?

A

scurvy

49
Q

How does scurvy manifest early on?

A

capillary fragility and bone abnormalities, swelling, bleeding in joints and gums

50
Q

Which are a good source of Vitamin C: formula, cow’s milk, human milk?

A

formula and human milk

51
Q

What will destroy a great deal of the vitamin C?

A

processing of infant foods

52
Q

Needs for energy related B-vitamins are _____ compared with adults

A

high

53
Q

What are the B vitamins needed for

A

energy metabolism

54
Q

Vitamin B6 requirement is related to _______

A

protein intake

55
Q

Breast milk low in vitamin B6 has led to what in infants?

A

convulsions

56
Q

The more protein you take in, the more _____ you need

A

B6

57
Q

Why was there a high prevalence of vitamin B6 deficient like seizures in the 50s?

A

heat treatment of commercial formula had destroyed B6

58
Q

Is human milk a good source of folic acid?

A

yes

59
Q

What is caused by deficiency of folic acid?

A

growth retardation, megaloblastic anemia

60
Q

What is caused by deficiency of B12?

A

megaloblastic anemia,, apathy

61
Q

Breast feeding vegan mothers put infant at risk if they are not taking a _____ supplement?

A

B12

62
Q

During the first year of life, the needs for these 3 minerals are high due to bone growth

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

63
Q

Retention/needs of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium ______ as child becomes older and growth slows

A

decreases

64
Q

Why might calcium fluctuate more than an adult?

A

immature parathyroid gland

65
Q

What may promote hypocalcemia in young infants?

A

high P to Ca levels

66
Q

Intakes and requirements of these 3 minerals are relate to losses through skin, urine, and feces

A

Na, K, Cl

67
Q

What will increase the need of electrolytes?

A

diarrhea, fever, and vomiting

68
Q

Why have baby food companies removed or reduced the Na content of their products?

A

it is thought to be a possible link with adult hypertension

69
Q

Where is most of the iron found in infants?

A

circulating RBC’s; little iron is stored

70
Q

What is the fetal form of iron?

A

Hb

71
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a _________ for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

A

greater affinity

72
Q

Why is there a greater affinity for oxygen in infants?

A

lack of interaction of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

73
Q

Iron is released from dead RBCs and is stored intracellularly bound to _____

A

ferritin

74
Q

When does iron storage reach a max?

A

3 months

75
Q

When is iron depleted?

A

6-12 months

76
Q

What type of iron is found in infant formula?

A

ferrous sulfate

77
Q

Is iron in breast milk well absorbed?

A

yes

78
Q

Is iron in cow’s milk well absorbed?

A

no

79
Q

Why are there losses in iron?

A

loss of GI and skin cells

80
Q

When can losses of iron increase?

A

GI bleeding (milk protein irritation) or increased loss of GI cells (diarrhea)

81
Q

What is milk anemia related to?

A

consumption of cow’s milk (low amounts of iron)

82
Q

Intracellular storage of iron

A

ferritin

83
Q

Circulating carrier protein of iron

A

transferrin

84
Q

Normally only about 30% of transferrin binding sites are filled

A

iron-binding capacity

85
Q

What will sometimes indicate iron depletion?

A

transferrin saturation less than 15%

86
Q

What can infant anemia be reduced by?

A

not cutting umbilical cord immediately after birth

87
Q

Infants are born with an iron reserve of 75 mg. This is sufficient for the first ____ months

A

4-6

88
Q

What other trace minerals can be a problem (3)

A

zinc, iodide, fluoride

89
Q

What mineral is important in growth and maturation of tissues

A

zinc

90
Q

Tissue zinc contents are ____ in newborns than in adults

A

less

91
Q

Is zinc in cow’s milk and soy based formulas highly available?

A

no

92
Q

Zinc in human milk is ____, but bioavailability is ______

A

low, good

93
Q

Iodide is part of ____ hormones

A

thyroid

94
Q

Infants have an _____ metabolism

A

increased

95
Q

Infants born to mothers of low iodide status or goiter will probably have ________ at birth

A

hypothyroidism

96
Q

Thyroid hormone is found in breast milk but when is it a problem?

A

iodide deficient mothers

97
Q

What is cretinism

A

iodide deficiency

98
Q

What has reduced the risk of iodide deficiency

A

the use of iodized salt

99
Q

Fluoride is _____ in breast milk

A

low

100
Q

What does added fluoride reduce?

A

caries in baby and adult teeth

101
Q

What can overuse of fluoride supplements result in?

A

brittle teeth

102
Q

What two categories do water requirements for infants generally fall into?

A

renal needs, extra renal losses

103
Q

What determines water needed for renal excretion?

A

renal solute load and total fluid intake

104
Q

What percentage of milk/formula is water

A

90

105
Q

What do water intake requirements depend on?

A

water losses

106
Q

What are evaporated losses?

A

loss of water from skin and lungs

107
Q

Evaporative losses increase by _____ when infants are exposed to elevated temperature

A

50

108
Q

Evaporative losses increase by 10% for each degree celsius change in body temperature

A

…..

109
Q

What determines the amount of water excreted by the kidneys?

A

renal solute load and renal concentrating ability

110
Q

Is water more critical in adults or infants?

A

infants

111
Q

Normal infants usually excrete ____ urine

A

dilute

112
Q

When should fluid intake be monitored

A

illness, special formulas, disease

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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