Nutrient Requirements

Question 1

Why do nutrient deficiencies show up so quickly in infants?

Answer 1

rapid growth

Question 2

Why is the infant self regulating an advantage of breast feeding over bottle feeding?

Answer 2

bottle feeding encourages baby to finish bottle

Question 3

What is the best indicator of caloric sufficiency?

Answer 3

growth

Question 4

How do both breast fed and bottle fed babies grow best?

Answer 4

feedings on demand rather than schedule feeding

Question 5

When are infants best at regulating their caloric intake?

Answer 5

after 40 days of age

Question 6

What happens if the formula is too low in caloric density?

Answer 6

the infant can’t consume enough volume to make up the difference

Question 7

What happens to kcal required/kg body weight as age increases?

Answer 7

decreases

Question 8

Are protein requirements of infants higher or lower than adults?

Answer 8

higher

Question 9

What is the protein content of formulas?

Answer 9

more than needed; usually harmless

Question 10

When is protein intake a problem in an infant?

Answer 10

when they are not totally breast or bottle fed

Question 11

Why is protein intake decreased when solid foods are introduced?

Answer 11

infants eat a lot of bananas, carrots, apple sauce, etc

Question 12

Why is protein intake more of a problem in breast fed infants?

Answer 12

breast milk is low in protein and solid foods can be too depending on what they are

Question 13

What essential amino acids do infants need in addition to those that adults need?

Answer 13

histidine, arginine, taurine

Question 14

What three things are true if protein and amino acid requirements are adequate?

Answer 14

growth is adequate, promotes positive nitrogen balance, maintain normal serum albumin concentrations

Question 15

What percent of infant kcal’s should be from fat?

Answer 15

40-55%

Question 16

Why is skim milk not good for infants?

Answer 16

they need fat

Question 17

Why are diets high in fat bad for infants?

Answer 17

may lead to excessive kcal intake and infantile obesity plus fat malabsorption

Question 18

What is essential for normal growth and skin integrity for the infant?

Answer 18

linoleic acid

Question 19

What percentage of linoleum acid does breast milk contain? formula?

Answer 19

5% and 10%

Question 20

What is linolenic acid essential for?

Answer 20

EPA and DHA

Question 21

What is DHA important for?

Answer 21

brain and retina development

Question 22

What is the cholesterol content of human milk?

Answer 22

high

Question 23

What is cholesterol used in?

Answer 23

making membranes, steroid hormones, bile acids and growth of neural tissue

Question 24

What can affect cholesterol degrading enzyme systems?

Answer 24

exogenous cholesterol

Question 25

Cholesterol degrading enzyme systems may affect what?

Answer 25

serum cholesterol levels in adults

Question 26

Is there a minimum requirement for carbohydrates?

Answer 26

no but there should be enough to prevent ketosis

Question 27

What percentage of kcal's are carbs in breast milk?

Answer 27

37%

Question 28

What percentage of kcal's are carbs in formula?

Answer 28

40-50%

Question 29

What type of carbs are found in breast milk?

Answer 29

lactose

Question 30

What types of carbs are found in formula?

Answer 30

lactose, sucrose, corn syrup

Question 31

Lactose promotes the growth of ______

Answer 31

lactobacilli

Question 32

What are lactobacilli and what do they do?

Answer 32

good bacteria that decrease pH in intestinal tract

Question 33

What does a decrease in pH of the intestinal tract increase?

Answer 33

absorption of calcium and magenesium

Question 34

What is needed in neural development?

Answer 34

galactose

Question 35

What is a genetic problem that impacts an infants ability to degrade galactose

Answer 35

galactosemia

Question 36

What happens in galactosemia?

Answer 36

galactose accumulates in tissues resulting in failure to thrive, liver disease, cataracts, and mental retardation

Question 37

What is the treatment for galactosemia?

Answer 37

avoid dietary lactose/galactose, infant is placed on soy based diet

Question 38

Why can't an infant consume honey?

Answer 38

botulinum sports can grow in infants GI tract

Question 39

Can't digest lactose, rare in infants

Answer 39

lactose intolerance

Question 40

What is the treatment for lactose intolerance?

Answer 40

switch to non milk based formula

Question 41

Where is vitamin A deficiency most prevalent?

Answer 41

developing countries

Question 42

What is the most common cause of preventable blindness in children around the world?

Answer 42

vitamin A deficiency

Question 43

Is there a difference in the vitamin D requirement for infants and adults?

Answer 43

no

Question 44

Why is the vitamin E requirement high?

Answer 44

related to polyunsaturated fatty acid intake

Question 45

There is a low status of this vitamin at birth...injection often given upon birth

Answer 45

Vitamin K

Question 46

What doe hemorrhagic diseases of the newborn cause?

Answer 46

increased risk of bleeding

Question 47

How do you treat hemorrhagic disease?

Answer 47

vitamin K injections and light

Question 48

What is the deficiency for vitamin C?

Answer 48

scurvy

Question 49

How does scurvy manifest early on?

Answer 49

capillary fragility and bone abnormalities, swelling, bleeding in joints and gums

Question 50

Which are a good source of Vitamin C: formula, cow's milk, human milk?

Answer 50

formula and human milk

Question 51

What will destroy a great deal of the vitamin C?

Answer 51

processing of infant foods

Question 52

Needs for energy related B-vitamins are _____ compared with adults

Answer 52

high

Question 53

What are the B vitamins needed for

Answer 53

energy metabolism

Question 54

Vitamin B6 requirement is related to _______

Answer 54

protein intake

Question 55

Breast milk low in vitamin B6 has led to what in infants?

Answer 55

convulsions

Question 56

The more protein you take in, the more _____ you need

Answer 56

B6

Question 57

Why was there a high prevalence of vitamin B6 deficient like seizures in the 50s?

Answer 57

heat treatment of commercial formula had destroyed B6

Question 58

Is human milk a good source of folic acid?

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

What is caused by deficiency of folic acid?

Answer 59

growth retardation, megaloblastic anemia

Question 60

What is caused by deficiency of B12?

Answer 60

megaloblastic anemia,, apathy

Question 61

Breast feeding vegan mothers put infant at risk if they are not taking a _____ supplement?

Answer 61

B12

Question 62

During the first year of life, the needs for these 3 minerals are high due to bone growth

Answer 62

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

Question 63

Retention/needs of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium ______ as child becomes older and growth slows

Answer 63

decreases

Question 64

Why might calcium fluctuate more than an adult?

Answer 64

immature parathyroid gland

Question 65

What may promote hypocalcemia in young infants?

Answer 65

high P to Ca levels

Question 66

Intakes and requirements of these 3 minerals are relate to losses through skin, urine, and feces

Answer 66

Na, K, Cl

Question 67

What will increase the need of electrolytes?

Answer 67

diarrhea, fever, and vomiting

Question 68

Why have baby food companies removed or reduced the Na content of their products?

Answer 68

it is thought to be a possible link with adult hypertension

Question 69

Where is most of the iron found in infants?

Answer 69

circulating RBC's; little iron is stored

Question 70

What is the fetal form of iron?

Answer 70

Hb

Question 71

Fetal hemoglobin has a _________ for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

Answer 71

greater affinity

Question 72

Why is there a greater affinity for oxygen in infants?

Answer 72

lack of interaction of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 73

Iron is released from dead RBCs and is stored intracellularly bound to _____

Answer 73

ferritin

Question 74

When does iron storage reach a max?

Answer 74

3 months

Question 75

When is iron depleted?

Answer 75

6-12 months

Question 76

What type of iron is found in infant formula?

Answer 76

ferrous sulfate

Question 77

Is iron in breast milk well absorbed?

Answer 77

yes

Question 78

Is iron in cow's milk well absorbed?

Answer 78

no

Question 79

Why are there losses in iron?

Answer 79

loss of GI and skin cells

Question 80

When can losses of iron increase?

Answer 80

GI bleeding (milk protein irritation) or increased loss of GI cells (diarrhea)

Question 81

What is milk anemia related to?

Answer 81

consumption of cow's milk (low amounts of iron)

Question 82

Intracellular storage of iron

Answer 82

ferritin

Question 83

Circulating carrier protein of iron

Answer 83

transferrin

Question 84

Normally only about 30% of transferrin binding sites are filled

Answer 84

iron-binding capacity

Question 85

What will sometimes indicate iron depletion?

Answer 85

transferrin saturation less than 15%

Question 86

What can infant anemia be reduced by?

Answer 86

not cutting umbilical cord immediately after birth

Question 87

Infants are born with an iron reserve of 75 mg. This is sufficient for the first ____ months

Answer 87

4-6

Question 88

What other trace minerals can be a problem (3)

Answer 88

zinc, iodide, fluoride

Question 89

What mineral is important in growth and maturation of tissues

Answer 89

zinc

Question 90

Tissue zinc contents are ____ in newborns than in adults

Answer 90

less

Question 91

Is zinc in cow's milk and soy based formulas highly available?

Answer 91

no

Question 92

Zinc in human milk is ____, but bioavailability is ______

Answer 92

low, good

Question 93

Iodide is part of ____ hormones

Answer 93

thyroid

Question 94

Infants have an _____ metabolism

Answer 94

increased

Question 95

Infants born to mothers of low iodide status or goiter will probably have ________ at birth

Answer 95

hypothyroidism

Question 96

Thyroid hormone is found in breast milk but when is it a problem?

Answer 96

iodide deficient mothers

Question 97

What is cretinism

Answer 97

iodide deficiency

Question 98

What has reduced the risk of iodide deficiency

Answer 98

the use of iodized salt

Question 99

Fluoride is _____ in breast milk

Answer 99

low

Question 100

What does added fluoride reduce?

Answer 100

caries in baby and adult teeth

Question 101

What can overuse of fluoride supplements result in?

Answer 101

brittle teeth

Question 102

What two categories do water requirements for infants generally fall into?

Answer 102

renal needs, extra renal losses

Question 103

What determines water needed for renal excretion?

Answer 103

renal solute load and total fluid intake

Question 104

What percentage of milk/formula is water

Answer 104

90

Question 105

What do water intake requirements depend on?

Answer 105

water losses

Question 106

What are evaporated losses?

Answer 106

loss of water from skin and lungs

Question 107

Evaporative losses increase by _____ when infants are exposed to elevated temperature

Answer 107

50

Question 108

Evaporative losses increase by 10% for each degree celsius change in body temperature

Answer 108

.....

Question 109

What determines the amount of water excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 109

renal solute load and renal concentrating ability

Question 110

Is water more critical in adults or infants?

Answer 110

infants

Question 111

Normal infants usually excrete ____ urine

Answer 111

dilute

Question 112

When should fluid intake be monitored

Answer 112

illness, special formulas, disease