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Life Cycle > Childhood Nutrition > Flashcards

Childhood Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

1-2 years of childhood

A

Toddler

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2
Q

2-6 years of childhood

A

preschool

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3
Q

6-10 year old female and 6-12 year old male of childhood

A

school age

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4
Q

What kind of growth is there in childhood?

A

slower rate, in stature and weight

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5
Q

What is the approximate weight gain during elementary school?

A

3-3.5 kg/year

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6
Q

How much does height increase during 2nd and 3rd year?

A

~5 inches/year

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7
Q

How much does heigh increase during school-age?

A

2.5-3.5 inches/year

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8
Q

Does brain growth mimic that of infancy?

A

no

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9
Q

How many centimeters does the average toddler head circumference increase?

A

2 cm

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10
Q

When does the brain reach adult size?

A

12 years of age

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11
Q

The childhood period is often referred to as the _________

A

late growth period

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12
Q

The expansion of the brain slows down but what happens to neural development?

A

continues through puberty

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13
Q

What is greater: the growth of the trunk and legs or the growth of the head?

A

trunk and legs

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14
Q

When will the child be 2/3 of adult height?

A

6 years

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15
Q

Children’s percentiles on growth charts are in line with _______

A

genetic potential

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16
Q

What happens to body composition in preschool and school-age children?

A

it remains constant

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17
Q

The body water shifts from ______ to ______ fluid compartment

A

extracellular to intracellular

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18
Q

What happens to percent fat?

A

relatively constant

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19
Q

What happens to fat-free mass (skeletal muscle, bone, soft tissue protein)

A

increases

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20
Q

What creates gender differences? are these activated in childhood?

A

sex hormones; no they re suppressed

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21
Q

What’s another word for baby teeth?

A

deciduous teeth

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22
Q

When do deciduous start appearing?

A

6 months

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23
Q

How many teeth do children have?

A

20

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24
Q

When do children start losing deciduous teeth?

A

end of preschool period (6 years)

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25
Q

What happens to body control during this time?

A

increases

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26
Q

When can the child start feeding themselves?

A

about 2 years

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27
Q

Who develops earlier–girls or boys?

A

girls

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28
Q

What tends to slow down during the second year due to the reduced rate of growth?

A

appetite

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29
Q

What characterizes the decrease in appetite?

A

decreased consumption of milk

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30
Q

When do appetites tend pick up again?

A

end of period– 4 to 6 years

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31
Q

What food groups decrease in childhood?

A

milk and vegetables

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32
Q

What food group stays constant in childhood?

A

meats

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33
Q

What food groups increase in childhood?

A

sweets, desserts, starches, fruits

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34
Q

How do meal patterns change on part of the child?

A

more frequent smaller meals

35
Q

What is the most difficult meal for children?

A

evening

36
Q

Why must parents be so patient during this period when it comes to food?

A

child will use it as a symbol of independence or as a weapon

37
Q

When will food choices and pattern become more characteristic?

A

late in the preschool period (4-6 years)

38
Q

When are food habits established?

A

childhood

39
Q

Why is it bad to associate sweets with punishment?

A

not teaching them anything and promotes obesity

40
Q

Are requirements and RDAs known for this group?

A

no; mostly estimates using an estimate between infant and adult values

41
Q

What is energy closely related to?

A

body size; more so than age

42
Q

What can widely influence kcal requirements?

A

physical activity levels

43
Q

Why is a balance of calories so important?

A

excessive calories contribute to obesity but sufficient calories ensure adequate growth

44
Q

Why is age alone not an adequate criterion to estimate energy needs?

A

there is a tremendous difference in the size of normal boys and girls at any age

45
Q

What is the best indicator of energy needs?

A

height

46
Q

What happens to energy needs when children grow? in kg and cm

A

decline when expressed per kg but remain constant when expressed per cm

47
Q

Are there allowances for carbs and fat?

A

no

48
Q

What are the recommendations for carbs?

A

should have ample complex carbs

49
Q

What are the recommendations for linoleum acid?

A

1-2% of kcal

50
Q

What are the recommendations for AHA after age 2?

A

> 20% but <30% of calories from fat

51
Q

What happens to the protein content of a child’s body during this age period?

A

increases

52
Q

When do protein contents reach similar values to adults?

A

four years of age

53
Q

What is the most appropriate way to assess adequacy of an individuals protein intake?

A

evaluate heigh and weight

54
Q

How does the dietary intake of protein for children in the US compare to RDA levels?

A

much higher

55
Q

Have minimal and optimal protein levels been determined for this age group?

A

no

56
Q

What is important in promoting laxation?

A

fiber

57
Q

What may fiber reduce the future risk of?

A

chronic disease-CVD, some cancers, adult onset diabetes

58
Q

What is recommended fiber intake by the conference on dietary fiber in childhood (1995)?

A

starting at age 2, fiber intake should be their age + 5 grams

59
Q

What is the requirement for vitamin D?

A

same as adult

60
Q

What is the requirement for calcium?

A

higher than adult

61
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

deficiency in vitamin A

62
Q

When is xerophthalmia a problem?

A

3-4 years of age in developing countries

63
Q

When is acute vitamin A toxicity reported in US children?

A

oversupplementation

64
Q

When does the risk of overdose of vitamin D decrease?

A

beyond age 2

65
Q

What is the vitamin E requirement related to?

A

PUFA levels

66
Q

What is adequate after infancy for vitamin K?

A

diet and GI synthesis

67
Q

You need ____ to prevent scurvy

A

10 mg/day of vitamin C

68
Q

When are vitamin C intakes low?

A

low-income families

69
Q

Children need ___ times as much calcium as an adult per unit weight

A

2-4

70
Q

Why is the DRI for calcium only a guide?

A

large variability in calcium requirements

71
Q

What happens to 100 mg of calcium each day?

A

retained as bone

72
Q

What is iron needed for?

A

hemogloin production and to support growth

73
Q

What does the requirement of iron depend on?

A

rate of growth, individual iron stores, efficiency of absorption from foods

74
Q

What does the food guide pyramid for young children focus on?

A

variety; emphasis on grains, fruits, vegetables, physical activity

75
Q

What is important for preschool children in relation to feeding?

A

developing a positive attitude towards food and food choices

76
Q

Children require smaller portions but….

A

they eat more frequently

77
Q

Why should snacks be planned?

A

provide nutrient dense foods and timed so they won’t interfere with meals

78
Q

What is a food jag?

A

children eat the same thing everyday

79
Q

Who should control a child’s food intake?

A

the child–should not be pressured to eat

80
Q

Do parents still need to have an influence on food intake?

A

yes in terms of family food habits, availability of food, etc

81
Q

What type of snack is universal?

A

after school snack

82
Q

Who eats more often, a preschooler or school age child?

A

preschoolers

83
Q

What has an influence on food choices and preferences in a school age child?

A

peer pressure

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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