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Life Cycle > Nutrients in Breast Milk > Flashcards

Nutrients in Breast Milk Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the nutrient content of human milk to vary?

A

individual’s diet, nutrient stores, variation between individual women

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2
Q

What are examples of variations within individual women?

A

Stage of single lactation (fore milk v hind milk) number of months of lactation (decreased mineral content)

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3
Q

What type of milk has more fat?

A

hindmilk

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4
Q

Why is milk species specific?

A

the composition is designed to meet the needs of the species

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5
Q

What are the 5 basic milk components?

A

Protein, lactose, lipids, minerals, and vitamins

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6
Q

What are human milks protein concentrations?

A

0.8-0.9 g/100 mL

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7
Q

What are cow’s milk protein concentrations?

A

3.5 g/100 mL

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8
Q

What are the two major proteins?

A

Curds (caseins) and whey (lactalbumin)

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9
Q

What is the human milk lactalbumin/casein ratio

A

3:2

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10
Q

what is the cow milk lactalbumin/casein ratio?

A

1:4

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11
Q

What is an example of a phosphoprotein?

A

casein

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12
Q

Fee amino acids are low in _______ but high in _______

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine

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13
Q

Free amino acids are low in ______ methionine but high in ______

A

cystine

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14
Q

Other nitrogen containing compounds are relatively high in _____, ________, and _________

A

taurine, immunoglobulins proteins, and growth factors, glucosamines

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15
Q

Where are most sources of milk proteins synthesized?

A

alveolar cells from AA provided by mother’s plasma

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16
Q

What is a plasma protein formed in mother’s plasma

A

serum albumin

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17
Q

Where are immune factor proteins derived?

A

mother’s plasma

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18
Q

What is the predominate carbohydrate in human milk?

A

lactose

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19
Q

Lactose is synthesized within alveolar cell via _______

A

lactose synthetase

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20
Q

What provides 60-70% of the total osmotic pressure of milk?

A

Carbohydrates

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21
Q

Does lactose digest and absorb quickly or slowly?

A

slowly

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22
Q

What stimulates the growth of gut bacteria that produce organic acids and some of the B-vitamins?

A

lactose

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23
Q

What helps control the growth of undesirable bacteria in the gut?

A

acid

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24
Q

What helps improve the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?

A

acid environment

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25
Q

What are two other carbohydrates found in milk in trace amounts?

A

glucose and galactose

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26
Q

various oligosaccharides are digested by what in milk?

A

amylase

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27
Q

What promotes the growth of lactobacilli (acid producing bacteria)?

A

Sugar amines (glucoamine)

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28
Q

What is the most variable in milk? Lactose, lipids, or proteins

A

Lipids

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29
Q

What is the average lipid content in milk?

A

4.5 g/100 mL

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30
Q

When is fat content higher?

A

end of feeding (hind milk); in the day

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31
Q

What causes fat content to vary?

A

mother’s diet

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32
Q

If there is an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mothers diet, what will happen to PUFA in the milk?

A

increase

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33
Q

What provides 50-60% of kcal to the breastfed infant

A

Fat supplies

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34
Q

If the mother isn’t eating essential fatty acids, will they be in the milk?

A

no

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35
Q

90% of fat is triglyceride w/ _______ mostly in the #2 position

A

palmitic acid

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36
Q

Milk contains smaller amounts of _______, _________, and ________

A

phospholipids, free fatty acids, and cholesterol

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37
Q

Cholesterol content in human milk is somewhat ______ than most other animal species

A

higher

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38
Q

What are two functions of cholesterol in milk?

A

may aid in myelin sheath formation/CNS membrane formation; may stiulate cholestrol-processing enzymes

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39
Q

What two essential fatty acids are found in milk?

A

linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3)

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40
Q

Is linoleic acid content higher in human milk or cow’s milk?

A

human milk

41
Q

What is DHA important for?

A

brain and retinal development

42
Q

What do lipase’s aid in?

A

fat digestion

43
Q

What percentage of lipid in human milk is absorbed?

A

greater than or equal to 90%

44
Q

What percentage of lipid in formula is absorbed?

A

80-90%

45
Q

What percentage of lipid in cow’s milk is absorbed?

A

<70%

46
Q

What plays an important role in the transport of long chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane?

A

carnitine

47
Q

Can infants synthesize carnitine?

A

have limited capacity to synthesize it

48
Q

Is carnitine found in formula?

A

yes

49
Q

What is the energy value of milk?

A

67-70 kcal/100 ml

50
Q

What is the efficiency of converting the energy in a women’s diet to breast milk energy?

A

80%

51
Q

How many kcal’s does it take for a woman to produce 1 liter of breast milk?

A

850

52
Q

Will milk from a well nourished mother provide adequate amount of all vitamins to the infant?

A

yes depending on nutritional status

53
Q

What happens for most vitamins in regards to the transfer from mother to breast milk?

A

a plateau develops

54
Q

Are milk concentrations of water soluble vitamins more responsive or are fat soluble vitamins more responsive?

A

water soluble

55
Q

Vitamins are transported into _______ from mother’s plasma

A

alveolar cells

56
Q

Is milk high in tryptophan?

A

yes

57
Q

Is milk high in niacin?

A

no

58
Q

What is tryptophan converted to?

A

niacin

59
Q

Is vitamin B6 lower than optimum in milk?

A

yes studies have shown

60
Q

When is vitamin B12 deficiency reported in breastfed infants?

A

strict vegan mothers

61
Q

What is milk a good source of?

A

Vitamin A, carotene, Vitamin E

62
Q

What is milk a low source of?

A

vitamin D, Vitamin K

63
Q

Where must vitamin K be made?

A

the infant’s GI microflora

64
Q

What will increase the infant’s vitamin D status?

A

increase in mother’s intake or sunlight exposure

65
Q

What vary’s more due to a mother’s diet: vitamin content or mineral content?

A

Vitamin

66
Q

Does mineral content decrease or increase over months of nursing?

A

decrease

67
Q

What comprises the largest percentage of minerals in human milk?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

68
Q

Are levels of calcium and phosphorus higher in human milk or other species?

A

other species

69
Q

What is the percent calcium absorption by infant from human milk?

A

greater than 50%

70
Q

What can high calcium and phosphorus content of cow’s milk cause in a young infant?

A

kidney stress

71
Q

The bioavailability of what two minerals are increased in breast milk?

A

Fe and Zn

72
Q

What is the percent iron absorption from breast milk?

A

50%

73
Q

What is the percent iron absorption from cow’s milk?

A

10%

74
Q

What is the percent iron absorption from fortified formula?

A

4%

75
Q

What effect does the addition of solid food to the diet of an infant have on the bioavailability of Fe from milk?

A

decreases it

76
Q

What is the bioavailability of Zn from breast milk?

A

60%

77
Q

What develops in infants fed formula but not in infant fed breast milk (in relation to Zinc)

A

acrodermatitis enteropathia

78
Q

Fluoride is ___ in breast milk

A

low

79
Q

Why are fluoride supplements recommended for young breast fed infants?

A

it does not cross easily into alveolar cells

80
Q

Breast feeding promotes establishment of ______

A

GI Flora

81
Q

Bacteria that produces lactic acid and acetic acid as by-products

A

lactobacillus bifidus

82
Q

What is unique to human milk that has N-containing polysaccharide

A

Bifidus Factor

83
Q

What favors the growth of lactobacillus?

A

Bifidus Factor

84
Q

What are found in high concentrations in colostrum with significant levels found in mature milk

A

Various immunoglobulins

85
Q

What are various immunoglobulins?

A

IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE

86
Q

An iron binding protein present in relatively high concentrations in human milk

A

lactoferrin

87
Q

What 2 thing are inhibited by lactoferrin because it robs them of iron

A

Staphylococci and E Coli

88
Q

enzyme that destroys bacterial cell wall

A

lysosyme

89
Q

Derived from lymphocytes; an antiviral component

A

Interferon

90
Q

Condition seen in newborns, particularly low birth weight infants

A

Necrotizing enterocolitis

91
Q

What is necrotizing enter colitis characterized by?

A

diarrhea, blood in stool, vomiting, dissension of abdomen

92
Q

Why does necrotizing enterocolitis seem to decrease in breast fed infants?

A

points to presence of milk leukocytes

93
Q

What inhibits staph infections?

A

antistaphylococcus factor

94
Q

Renders vitamin B12 unavailable for bacterial growth

A

B12 binding protein

95
Q

Found in breast milk, sufficient to prevent serious consequence of congenital hypothyroidism

A

thyroid hormones

96
Q

Passes from maternal blood into breast milk, but at a much lower level

A

caffeine

97
Q

What are some positive factors associated with breast feeding (5)

A

low incidence of food allergies, decreased incidence of obesity and diabetes, decreased incidence of orthodontic problems and malocclusions, increased infants immune system, increased bonding between child and mother

98
Q

It is recommended that infants be exclusively breastfed until ___ months of age

A

6

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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