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Nutrients in Breast Milk Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the nutrient content of human milk to vary?

A

individual’s diet, nutrient stores, variation between individual women

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2
Q

What are examples of variations within individual women?

A

Stage of single lactation (fore milk v hind milk) number of months of lactation (decreased mineral content)

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3
Q

What type of milk has more fat?

A

hindmilk

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4
Q

Why is milk species specific?

A

the composition is designed to meet the needs of the species

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5
Q

What are the 5 basic milk components?

A

Protein, lactose, lipids, minerals, and vitamins

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6
Q

What are human milks protein concentrations?

A

0.8-0.9 g/100 mL

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7
Q

What are cow’s milk protein concentrations?

A

3.5 g/100 mL

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8
Q

What are the two major proteins?

A

Curds (caseins) and whey (lactalbumin)

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9
Q

What is the human milk lactalbumin/casein ratio

A

3:2

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10
Q

what is the cow milk lactalbumin/casein ratio?

A

1:4

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11
Q

What is an example of a phosphoprotein?

A

casein

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12
Q

Fee amino acids are low in _______ but high in _______

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine

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13
Q

Free amino acids are low in ______ methionine but high in ______

A

cystine

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14
Q

Other nitrogen containing compounds are relatively high in _____, ________, and _________

A

taurine, immunoglobulins proteins, and growth factors, glucosamines

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15
Q

Where are most sources of milk proteins synthesized?

A

alveolar cells from AA provided by mother’s plasma

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16
Q

What is a plasma protein formed in mother’s plasma

A

serum albumin

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17
Q

Where are immune factor proteins derived?

A

mother’s plasma

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18
Q

What is the predominate carbohydrate in human milk?

A

lactose

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19
Q

Lactose is synthesized within alveolar cell via _______

A

lactose synthetase

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20
Q

What provides 60-70% of the total osmotic pressure of milk?

A

Carbohydrates

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21
Q

Does lactose digest and absorb quickly or slowly?

A

slowly

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22
Q

What stimulates the growth of gut bacteria that produce organic acids and some of the B-vitamins?

A

lactose

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23
Q

What helps control the growth of undesirable bacteria in the gut?

A

acid

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24
Q

What helps improve the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?

A

acid environment

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25
What are two other carbohydrates found in milk in trace amounts?
glucose and galactose
26
various oligosaccharides are digested by what in milk?
amylase
27
What promotes the growth of lactobacilli (acid producing bacteria)?
Sugar amines (glucoamine)
28
What is the most variable in milk? Lactose, lipids, or proteins
Lipids
29
What is the average lipid content in milk?
4.5 g/100 mL
30
When is fat content higher?
end of feeding (hind milk); in the day
31
What causes fat content to vary?
mother's diet
32
If there is an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mothers diet, what will happen to PUFA in the milk?
increase
33
What provides 50-60% of kcal to the breastfed infant
Fat supplies
34
If the mother isn't eating essential fatty acids, will they be in the milk?
no
35
90% of fat is triglyceride w/ _______ mostly in the #2 position
palmitic acid
36
Milk contains smaller amounts of _______, _________, and ________
phospholipids, free fatty acids, and cholesterol
37
Cholesterol content in human milk is somewhat ______ than most other animal species
higher
38
What are two functions of cholesterol in milk?
may aid in myelin sheath formation/CNS membrane formation; may stiulate cholestrol-processing enzymes
39
What two essential fatty acids are found in milk?
linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3)
40
Is linoleic acid content higher in human milk or cow's milk?
human milk
41
What is DHA important for?
brain and retinal development
42
What do lipase's aid in?
fat digestion
43
What percentage of lipid in human milk is absorbed?
greater than or equal to 90%
44
What percentage of lipid in formula is absorbed?
80-90%
45
What percentage of lipid in cow's milk is absorbed?
<70%
46
What plays an important role in the transport of long chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane?
carnitine
47
Can infants synthesize carnitine?
have limited capacity to synthesize it
48
Is carnitine found in formula?
yes
49
What is the energy value of milk?
67-70 kcal/100 ml
50
What is the efficiency of converting the energy in a women's diet to breast milk energy?
80%
51
How many kcal's does it take for a woman to produce 1 liter of breast milk?
850
52
Will milk from a well nourished mother provide adequate amount of all vitamins to the infant?
yes depending on nutritional status
53
What happens for most vitamins in regards to the transfer from mother to breast milk?
a plateau develops
54
Are milk concentrations of water soluble vitamins more responsive or are fat soluble vitamins more responsive?
water soluble
55
Vitamins are transported into _______ from mother's plasma
alveolar cells
56
Is milk high in tryptophan?
yes
57
Is milk high in niacin?
no
58
What is tryptophan converted to?
niacin
59
Is vitamin B6 lower than optimum in milk?
yes studies have shown
60
When is vitamin B12 deficiency reported in breastfed infants?
strict vegan mothers
61
What is milk a good source of?
Vitamin A, carotene, Vitamin E
62
What is milk a low source of?
vitamin D, Vitamin K
63
Where must vitamin K be made?
the infant's GI microflora
64
What will increase the infant's vitamin D status?
increase in mother's intake or sunlight exposure
65
What vary's more due to a mother's diet: vitamin content or mineral content?
Vitamin
66
Does mineral content decrease or increase over months of nursing?
decrease
67
What comprises the largest percentage of minerals in human milk?
Calcium and phosphorus
68
Are levels of calcium and phosphorus higher in human milk or other species?
other species
69
What is the percent calcium absorption by infant from human milk?
greater than 50%
70
What can high calcium and phosphorus content of cow's milk cause in a young infant?
kidney stress
71
The bioavailability of what two minerals are increased in breast milk?
Fe and Zn
72
What is the percent iron absorption from breast milk?
50%
73
What is the percent iron absorption from cow's milk?
10%
74
What is the percent iron absorption from fortified formula?
4%
75
What effect does the addition of solid food to the diet of an infant have on the bioavailability of Fe from milk?
decreases it
76
What is the bioavailability of Zn from breast milk?
60%
77
What develops in infants fed formula but not in infant fed breast milk (in relation to Zinc)
acrodermatitis enteropathia
78
Fluoride is ___ in breast milk
low
79
Why are fluoride supplements recommended for young breast fed infants?
it does not cross easily into alveolar cells
80
Breast feeding promotes establishment of ______
GI Flora
81
Bacteria that produces lactic acid and acetic acid as by-products
lactobacillus bifidus
82
What is unique to human milk that has N-containing polysaccharide
Bifidus Factor
83
What favors the growth of lactobacillus?
Bifidus Factor
84
What are found in high concentrations in colostrum with significant levels found in mature milk
Various immunoglobulins
85
What are various immunoglobulins?
IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE
86
An iron binding protein present in relatively high concentrations in human milk
lactoferrin
87
What 2 thing are inhibited by lactoferrin because it robs them of iron
Staphylococci and E Coli
88
enzyme that destroys bacterial cell wall
lysosyme
89
Derived from lymphocytes; an antiviral component
Interferon
90
Condition seen in newborns, particularly low birth weight infants
Necrotizing enterocolitis
91
What is necrotizing enter colitis characterized by?
diarrhea, blood in stool, vomiting, dissension of abdomen
92
Why does necrotizing enterocolitis seem to decrease in breast fed infants?
points to presence of milk leukocytes
93
What inhibits staph infections?
antistaphylococcus factor
94
Renders vitamin B12 unavailable for bacterial growth
B12 binding protein
95
Found in breast milk, sufficient to prevent serious consequence of congenital hypothyroidism
thyroid hormones
96
Passes from maternal blood into breast milk, but at a much lower level
caffeine
97
What are some positive factors associated with breast feeding (5)
low incidence of food allergies, decreased incidence of obesity and diabetes, decreased incidence of orthodontic problems and malocclusions, increased infants immune system, increased bonding between child and mother
98
It is recommended that infants be exclusively breastfed until ___ months of age
6

Life Cycle (12 decks)

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