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NUTCORE ViVA VoCE > Nutrition Through the Life Cycle - Pregnancy > Flashcards

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle - Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

When is preconception and periconception?

A 
Preconception = 3 months before conception 
Periconception = 2-3 months before and after conception
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2
Q

What weeks entail the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A 
1st = 0 - 12 weeks 
2nd = 13 - 26 weeks 
3rd = 27 - 40 weeks
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3
Q

What are some steps both women and men can take preconception?

A
  1. Both can check fertility and do what they can to improve fertility (high adiposity = leptin decrease in women = reproductive cycling issues)
  2. Stop smoking and excess caffeine use
  3. Ensure stores of folic acid, zinc are optimal
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4
Q

What the 3 stages of foetal growth?

A

Blastogenic stage - <2 weeks
Embryonic stage - 3-8 weeks
Foetal stage >9 weeks

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta?

A
  • Gaseous exchange
  • Nutrient exchange
  • Waste removal
  • Hormone and enzyme production
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6
Q

What changes occur for the embryo and mother in the first trimester (>=12 weeks)?

A

Embryo:
- Implants into uterine lining
- Establishes to placenta
- Organogenesis
Mother:
- Placenta formation
- Hormonal changes

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7
Q

What changes occur for the embryo in the second trimester (13 - 26 weeks)?

A
  • Development into foetus
  • Massively increased mass (25-875g)
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8
Q

What changes occur for the foetus in the third trimester (27 - 40 weeks)?

A
  • Foetal maturity
  • Increased body size (x4)
  • Maturation of organ systems
  • Deposition of nutrient and fat stores
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9
Q

What are some physiological demands of the mother during pregnancy?

A
  • Hormonal changes
  • Tissue changes (breast)
  • Increased blood volume
  • Uterus expands
  • Increased fat stores
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10
Q

What 2 hormones increase dramatically during pregnancy? What do both of these hormones do?

A

Estrogen:

  • Increases lipid formation/storage
  • Increased uterine blood flow
  • Prompts breast duct development
  • Stimulates angio-tensin system
  • Sodium retention

Progesterone:

  • Stimulates endometrium growth
  • Stimulates maternal fat
  • Increases sodium excretion
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11
Q

What is leptins function in preganancy?

A
  • Regulation of appetite
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Utilisation of fat stores
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12
Q

What is the ideal birthweight for a baby?

A

3.1 - 3.6kg

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13
Q

What is the ideal total weight gain in the first trimester for each BMI?

A

0.5 - 2kg for all BMIs

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14
Q

What is the ideal total weight gain in the 2nd & 3rd trimester for each BMI?

A

<18.5 = 0.51 kg/week
18.5 - 24.9 = 0.42 kg/week
25.0 - 29.9 = 0.28 kg/week
> 30.0 = 0.22 kg/week

gradual 0.2-0.5 kg/week depending on initial BMI

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15
Q

Roughly how many calories does pregnancy cost a woman?

A

85,000 kcal

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16
Q

What associated risks are there for pre-pregnancy overweight women?

A
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Hypertension
17
Q

What does the ‘Barker hypothesis’ propose?

A

Low birth weight (<2500g) = increased risk of CVD, hypertension, type II diabetes later in life

18
Q

Pregnancy involves huge metabolic changes and growth of maternal tissue imcreasing nutritional demands dramatically. What adaptations take place to combat this?

A
  • Increased bioavailability
  • Increased optimisation of nutrients
19
Q

How many kcal/day should a pregnancy woman consume and when?

A

Additional 200kcal/day in 3rd trimester from nutrient dense foods

*EAR from Dep of Health (UK)

20
Q

How much additional protein should a pregnant woman consume?

A

RNI = 6g/day

*Dep of Health

21
Q

How much additional folic acid should a pregnant woman consume?
What is folic acid required for during pregnancy?
What foods are high in folic acid?

A

Pre-conception = +400µg/day (supplementation)
During Pregnancy = +300µg/day (dietary)

  • Prevent NTDs
  • Cell division
  • Maintenance of normal RBCs
  • Citrus fruits, dark green leafy vegetables, fortified foods, eggs, grains.
22
Q

Folic acid fortification is mandatory in the UK. In which food? How many NTD cases are prevented from this mandatory fortification?

A

White flour.

700-900 cases/year

23
Q

How much additional iron should a pregnant woman consume?
What is iron required for during pregnancy?
What does iron deficianecy anemia increase the risk of?
What foods are high in iron?

A

None if not deficient.
Supplementation if stores are not optimal.
RNI = 14.8mg/day

Requirements:
Foetus - 400mg
Placenta - 175mg
Maternal RBC formation - 430-1000mg

Deficiency increases risk of preterm delivery, low infant birthweight, poor infant iron status

Foods: red meat, fortified foods.

24
Q

How much additional calcium and vit D should a pregnant woman consume?
What is calcium and vit D required for during pregnancy?
What foods are high in calcium and/or vit D?

A

Ca = no increase. 700mg/day
Vit D = 10 µg/day (supplement)

Requirements:
- Foetus bone formation

Foods: Milk, fortified foods, dark leafy greens

25
Q

How much additional vit A should a pregnant woman consume?

A

RNI: +100µg/day (700µg/day)

26
Q

Is caffiene safe during pregnancy?
Risks of too much caffiene?

A

<200mg caffiene is safe (equivalent to 1 cup)

Risks:

  • Diffuses into infants blood straight from mother
  • Decreased infant growth
  • Develoment problems
27
Q

Is smoking safe during pregnancy?
Risks of smoking?

A

No.

Risks:

  • limits nutrient and oxygen delievery to foetus
  • LBW babies
  • Increased miscarriage risk
  • Preterm delivery
  • Depletes vit C stores
28
Q

Is alcohol safe during pregnancy?
Risks of drinking alcohol?

A

Not necessarily.

Risks:

  • Birth defects
  • Mental retardation
  • Slow development
  • Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
  • LBW
  • Preterm delivery
29
Q

Are non-nutritional sweetners safe during pregnancy?
Risks of drinking NNSs?

A

Depends on the NNS.
Some are relitively safe, others reccomended to avoid.

E.g.
sucralose & stevia = safe
aspartame = safe in moderation
saccharin = recommended to avoid however deemed safe in UK

30
Q

Foods to avoid during pregnancy?

A
  • Raw fish/seafood
  • <2 portions oily fish/week
  • Soft/blue cheeses
  • Raw meat
  • Unpasturised milk
31
Q

What are some common dietary problems reported by pregnant women?

A
  • Nausea/vomiting (7/10 pregnancies)
  • Heartburn (30-50% pregnancies)
  • Constipation
32
Q

What are some prgnancy related conditions?

A
  • Preeclampsia (high blood pressure and fluid retention)
  • Gestational Diabetes

NUTCORE ViVA VoCE (16 decks)

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