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NUTCORE ViVA VoCE > Nutrition Through the Life Cycle - Lactation > Flashcards

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle - Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

When does mammary tissue in the breast begin growing?

A

Onset of puberty

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2
Q

When does breast tissue, mammary glands and ducts develop?

A

During adolecence

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3
Q

What trimester in pregnanacy does the breast tissue change so milk can be produced?

A

3rd trimester

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4
Q

In order from outside in, what is the anatomy of the breast?

A

Nipple > areola > lactiferous sinus > milk production and storage cells > fat tissue > muscle

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5
Q

How many lactiferous ducts are present in each nreast?

A

15-20 lobes per breast

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6
Q

What is the purpose of lactiferous sinuses?

A

Limited milk storage between feeds

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7
Q

What cells are responsible for milk synthesis?

A

Alveolar cells (drain into lactiferous duct)

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8
Q

What triggers the production of milk?

A

The birth of the baby

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9
Q

What is colostrum? What is its purpose?

A

An immature milk produced in the first 2-3 days postpartum. Thick, sticky, yellow fluid produced in 100mL/day quantities.

Purpose:

  • Protective. Promotes maturation of the gut
  • Low fat/lactose content
  • High protein content (immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and vitamin A)
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10
Q

What is transitional breast milk?

A

Produced between 3-7 days postpartum and produced in larger volumes than colostrum.
Lower protein content than colostrum.
Lactose and fat content similar to mature milk.

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11
Q

When is mature breast milk produced?

A

From 14 days postpartum

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12
Q

What patterns are seen in the macronutrient composition of colustrum > transitional > mature breastmilk?

A

Energy, fat and carbohydrate content increase from colostrum > mature milk
Protein content decreases from colostrum > mature milk

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13
Q

What patterns are seen in the micronutrient composition of colustrum > transitional > mature breastmilk?

A

Sodium, vitamin A and vitamin C all decrease from colostrum > mature milk.
Folate increased from colostrum > mature milk.

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14
Q

At the peak of lactation, how much milk is produced a day? What is the primary energy form in mature breastmilk?

A

750-850mL/day.

Fat as triglycerols (50%)
CHO as lactose (40%)
Protein as whey protein (α-lactalbumin & lactoferrin)

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15
Q

What is the difference between foremilk and hindlmilk?

A

Foremilk:

  • First milk to be released during a feed
  • More watery than hindmilk
  • Lower fat content and richer in lactose

Hindmilk:

  • Released on full milk letdown
  • More nutrient and energy dense
  • Thicker than foremilk
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16
Q

Does the composition of breastmilk change throughout the day?

A

Yes

17
Q

The primary carbohydrate content of milk comprimises lactose (80%). What are the remaining carbohydrates and what are their purpose?

A

Oligosaccharides.

Act as prebiotics for the infant.

18
Q

The primary fat content of milk comprimises triglycerides (98%). What are the remaining fats?

A

Diglycerides, monoglycerides, free FAs, cholesterol and phospholipids

19
Q

What are the major proteins found in breastmilk?

A

α-lactalbumin & lactoferrin

20
Q

What 2 hormones are produced during milk secretion and milk ? Where are these hormones produced from?

A

prolactin (milk secretion) - anterior pituitary gland

oxytocin (milk ejection) - posterior pituitary gland

21
Q

What should the general weightloss be per month for a woman?

A

0.8kg lost/month

22
Q

Roughly how many kcal/day are expended due to breastfeeding?

A

650kcal/day

23
Q

What is the energy content of milk (per g)?

A

0.67 kcal/g

24
Q

What are the additional energy requirements (kcal/day) required by a breastfeeding woman? How long for?

A

additional 330 kcal/day approx. for first 6 months.

25
Q

What are the additional requirements/day for breastfeeding women:
Calcium?
Vit A?

A

Calcium: +550mg/day
Vit A: +350ug/day

*SACN

26
Q

What are some advantages of breastfeeding for the mother?

A
  • Long-term health benefits for infant
  • Cost-free
  • Emotional bond
  • Oxytocin releases eases anxiety
  • Delayed reproductive cycling
  • Faster return to prepregnancy weight
  • Decreased cancer risk
  • Bone mineral density loss slower (increased Ca bioavailability)
27
Q

What is the % decrease of cancer from each birth?

A

7% each birth

Extra 5% if breastfeeding

28
Q

How long until bone mineral density has returned back to normal for a breastfeeding mother?

A

12-18 months after weaning

29
Q

What are some advantages of breastfeeding for the infant?

A
  • Main nutrient source
  • Provides optimal nutrients even if maternal diet is inadequate
  • Provides immunoreceptors
  • Brain/mental health from DHA
  • Lower resiratory tract infections
  • Lower risk for diabetes
30
Q

Studies have shown a what % decrease in obesity risk for those who were breastfed?

A

22% decrease for obesity than bottle-fed infants

31
Q

What signs might suggest the infant is getting enough milk/day?

A
  • urination 6-8 times a day
  • adequate weight gain
  • good skin tone
  • 3-4 stools a day
32
Q

Within how long should the infant be fed colostrum after birth?

A

Within the first hour

33
Q

For how long should breastfeeding continue?

A

exclusively for 6 months. Up to 2 years

34
Q

The UK has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe. What % of babies are breasfed in the UK?

A

34%

35
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of infant formulas as breastfeeding alternative?

A

Benefits:
Convenient

Dis:

  • Ensuring correct quantities
  • Expensive
  • No breastfeeding bond
  • No hormone release (increased cancer risk)
  • May not contain required nutrients
  • Nutritionally less adequate (vegetable oils as fat replacement)
36
Q

How long should a mother wait until breastfeeding after 1 drink of alcohol?
What are disadvantages of alcohol consumption when breastfeeding?

A

2-3 hours

Dis:

  • Changes breasmilk taste and odour
  • Infant drinks less
  • Infant sleeps less after consumption
  • Infant lower psychomotor development
37
Q

How long should a mother wait until breastfeeding after smoking?
What are disadvantages of smoking when breastfeeding?

A

At least 3 hours

Dis:

  • Reduce milk volume
  • Second hand smoke
  • Nicotine levels in breastmilk are up to 3x higher than in blood
38
Q

What % of caffeine does the infant consume from the mother?

What are disadvantages of caffeine when breastfeeding?

A

1% from mother

Dis:

  • Hyperactive, fussy infant
  • Caffeine accumulates in infants <3-4months as they cannot metabolise it

NUTCORE ViVA VoCE (16 decks)

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