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NUTCORE ViVA VoCE > Nutrition and Genetics > Flashcards

Nutrition and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the instructions for the development, growth, function and reproduction of cells and therefore entire organisms

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2
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Watson & Crick

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3
Q

What are the 4 base pairs?
What is the other base pair seen in RNA (replaces thymine)?

A

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

U - Uracil

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

The total of all genes

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5
Q

How many base pairs in the human body?

A

approx. 3 billion

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6
Q

When did the human genome start and end?

A

1990-2013 (10 years ahead of schedule

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7
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human possess?

A

23 pairs

(46 individual)

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8
Q

Which chromosome pairs are the autosomes?

A

pairs 1-22

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9
Q

Which chromosome pairs are the sex chromosomes?

A

pair 23

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10
Q

What is the chromosome sequence for males and females?

A

Female - XX
Male - XY

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11
Q

Which pair of chromosomes are affected to cause down syndrome? How?

A 
pair 21 
extra chromosome (3 total)
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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

basic unit of hereditary, codes for a specific trait

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13
Q

What is a allele?

A

two or more versions of a gene

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14
Q

What is the difference between a homozygous and heterozygous gene?

A

Homozygous: You inherit the same version of the gene from each parent, so you have two matching genes.

Heterozygous: You inherit a different version of a gene from each parent. They do not match.

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15
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype - Genetic make-up on an individual -not always an observable characteristic
Phenotype - The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the genotype

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16
Q

Genes can vary in 3 differing locations of DNA. Where?

A
  1. Single nucleotide - (base change, insertion, deletion)
  2. Groups of nucleotides (repeats)
  3. Whole chromosome (insert, deletion, rearranging)
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17
Q

What gene has had associations with obesity?

A

FTO gene

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18
Q

What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA -
Deoxyribose sugar
double stranded
thymine base

RNA -
Ribose sugar
single stranded
uracil base
comprises mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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19
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The conversion of information encoded in a gene > mRNA > protein

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20
Q

What determines the structure of a protein?

A

DNA base codes

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21
Q

What is a sequence of 3 base codes called?

A

A codon

22
Q

Are all amino acids coded for using only 1 codon?

A

No, some amino acids can have multiple codons.

E.g. proline can be coded by codons; CCG, CCU, CCC OR CCA

23
Q

What organelles are the site of protein synthesis? Where does this occur?

A

Ribosomes
In the nucleus of the cell

24
Q

What is transcription? (protein synthesis)

A

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence, results in a copy called mRNA

25
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for the lining up of base pairs during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

26
Q

What are the steps of translation? (protein synthesis)

A
  • consists of 3 steps: initiation, elongation & termination
  • mRNA produce by transcription attaches to ribosome , initiated by start codon
  • tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome
  • each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid
  • elongation as amino acid chain is built
  • continues until a stop codon is reached
  • protein built
27
Q

Why is it important to study genetics in nutrition?

A

Because what we eat can directly affect our gene expression

28
Q

What are the definitions of these key terms?;

  • gene
  • locus
  • genome
  • somatic cells
  • gamete
  • chromosome
  • chromatid
  • centromere
A
  • gene: basic unit of hereditary, codes for specific traits
  • locus: specific location of a gene or chromosome
  • genome: the total endowment of DNA of an organism
  • somatic cells: all body cells except reproductive cells
  • gamete: reproductive cells (sperm & eggs)
  • chromosome: composed of DNA and protein, encompass the DNA in cells
  • chromatid: one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere
  • centromere: region of a chromosome where microtubules attach during meiosis and mitosis
29
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase? What happens during each phase?

A

G1 - cell growth and preparation for replication
S - DNA replication and chromatid duplication
G2 - more growth

30
Q

Prior to mitosis, what phase must take place?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

31
Q

Chromosomes cannot be seen individually in the cell so they are called what?

A

Chromatin (dispersed chromosomes)

32
Q

Are centromeres located inside or outside the nucleus? What do they consist?

A

Outside

2 centrioles

33
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase > Metaphase > Anaphase > Telophase

34
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • chromosomes become more visible (condensed)
  • mitotic spindle forms between centrioles
  • a pair of sister chromatids are observed
35
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • centromeres move to opposite poles of the cell
  • mitotic spindles attach to chromosome centromeres
  • chromosomes become arranged on a plane (metaphase plate)
36
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids separate due to the pulling of the mitotic spindles
  • daughter chromosomes are formed and move to opposite poles of the cell
  • a complete set of chromosomes are assembled at each pole of the cell
37
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • chromosome sets are assembled at opposite poles
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • cytokinesis begins (division of cytoplasm)
  • chromosomes unfold back into chromatin (uncondense)
38
Q

Define mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis - Produces daughter cells with identical number of chromosomes as the parent cells

Meiosis - The division process in sexually reproducing eukaryotes resulting in cells with one-half the number of chromsomes of the original parent cell

39
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

Diploid cells have2 full sets of chromosomes.

Haploid cell have one half a set of chromosomes (1/2 diploid)

40
Q

Meiosis occurs in how many successive nuclear division? What are they?

A

Two

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

41
Q

What are the stages of meiosis I and meiosis II?

A

Both are:

  • premeiotic interphase
  • prophase I & II
  • metaphase I & II
  • anaphase I & II
  • telophase I & II
42
Q

What happens in each step if meiosis I?

A

premeiotic interphase - chromosomes duplicate. outside the nucleus are two centromeres with a pair of centrioles

prophase I - chromosomes become visible, crossing over occurs which leads to genetic variation. Nucleolus disappears, meiotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears

metaphase I - the pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) become arranged on the metaphase plate and attach to meiotic spindle

anaphase I - the two chromsomes in each bivalent seperate and migrate towards opposite poles

telophase I - the chromosome pairs are at the poles and nuclear envelopes form around them. Cytokinesis occurs to produce two cells

43
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

PMAT - similair to mitosis

44
Q

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

45
Q

What cells does mitosis and meiosis result in?

A

Mitosis - 2 identical diploid (2n) somatic daughter cells

Meiosis - 4 haploid (n) gamete cells that are genetically unique

46
Q
A
47
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of changes in an organism cause by modification of gene expression not involving changes to the genetic code itself

48
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

The study of the interaction of nutrition and genes, with particular interest in the prevention/treatment of disease.

Diet alters expression of genes (hormones, chemicals)

Can affect genes expression direcly or indirectly

49
Q

What is nutrigenetics?

A

The study of how genetic variation affects the respose to different nutrient intakes

50
Q

What is a polymorphism?

A

A relatively common genetic variation where one or more morphs are seen of the same DNA sequence

51
Q

What is the reduced foetal grwoth hypothesis?

A

This hypothesis states that reduced foetal growth is strongly associated with many chronic conditions in later life.

Occurs due to genetic adaptations made by the foetus in a nutritionally inadequate environment

NUTCORE ViVA VoCE (16 decks)

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