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NUTCORE ViVA VoCE > Fortified Functional Foods > Flashcards

Fortified Functional Foods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of fortification?

A

The addition of nutrients to foods irrespective of whether or not they were originally present within the food

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2
Q

What is the definition of fortification enrichment?

A

Added nutrients to replace ones that were lost during processing

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3
Q

What is the definition of fortification substitution?

A

Added nutrients to produce a substitute product with similar nutritive value

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4
Q

What is the definition of fortification supplementation?

A

Extra nutrients in liquid or pill form given in higher doses than fortified foods

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5
Q

What are some examples of fortified foods?

A

Plant milk - Calcium, iodine
White flour - iron, calcium, niacin, thiamin, folic acid
Breakfast cereals - Vitamins D, C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folic acid, iron
Margarine - Vitamin A and D
Salt - Iodine

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6
Q

What is the purpose of fortifaction?

A
  • restore nutrients lost during processing
  • increase nutritional value of foods
  • improve the diet of specific populations
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7
Q

Is breakfast cereal fortification mandatory or voluntary? What about margarine? Flour?

A

Breakfast cereals - Voluntary

Margarine - Mandatory

Flour - Mandatory

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8
Q

Is white flour required by law to be fortified with folic acid?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are some safety and technical considerations of fortifying food?

A
  • intakes of the nutrient already from unfortified foods
  • risk of excessive intakes of added nutrients by ‘extreme’ consumers of that food
  • anticipated consumption of the fortified food by populations
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10
Q

What are the 2 main regulations set by the EU regulation policy for food fortification?

A
  • vitamins and minerals cannot be added to unprocessed foods (fruit, veg, meat)
  • vitamins and minerals cannot be added to alcoholic beverages above 1.2%
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11
Q

What is the rationale behind fortifying flour with folic acid?

A
  • it would increase folic acid intake of women of childbearing age
  • most effective way of reaching populations with lowest folic acid intake
  • prevention for NTDs
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12
Q

What rank is the UK for iodine deficiency from the 10 most iodine deficient nations?

A

7th

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13
Q

WHO considers what deficiency to be the ‘single most preventable deficiency in the world’?

A

iron deficiency

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14
Q

What % of UK adults suffer from vitamin D deficiency? What is the biggest factor responsible for this?

A

50%

Lack of sunlight

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15
Q

What vitamin supplement is recommended for everyone in the UK to take between October-April?
How much?

A

Vitamin D

10ug

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16
Q

What disease could vitamin d supplementation decrease?

A

Rickets in children

17
Q

Is vitamin D margarine fortification mandatory?

A

Yes and vitamin A

18
Q

In what 2 ways can crops be nutritionally altered?

A
  • GM crops (inserting a specific gene from one plant into the other)
  • Biofortified crops (essential micronutrients in crops are improved due to agricultural biotechnologies e.g. agronomics)
19
Q

90% of what crops are GM in the USA?

A

Corn, soya, cotton

20
Q

What are some examples of the biofortification of crops?

A
  • iron biofortification of rice, beans, legumes
  • zinc fortification of wheat, rice & maize
  • provitamin A fortification of sweet potato & cassava
21
Q

What are functional foods?

A

Fortified and enriched food defined as having health promoting benefits/disease preventing properties

22
Q

What are some positive features of functional food?

A
  • conventional everyday food
  • can be consumed as a part of a normal diet
  • may enhance wellbeing and health OR reduce risk of disease
  • authorised and scientifically substantiated health claims
23
Q

What are some examples of functional foods?

A
  • foods containing added or reduce level of nutrients
  • foods containing phytochemicals, antioxidants, fibre
  • foods containing bacteria (pro/prebiotics) to promote intestinal health
24
Q

What are probiotics?

What can they improve symptoms of?

A

Living micro-organisms which offer health benefits when taken in large amounts.

Can improve symptoms of IBS, constipation

25
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Non-digestible food ingredients that can stimulate the growth/activity of beneficial bacteria

26
Q

How do cholesterol lowering products such as Benecol reduce cholesterol?

A

They contain plant sterols that compete with cholesterol in the gut therefore reducing its absorption

27
Q

What is a disadvantage of fortified breakfast cereal?

A

Although fortified they usually contain high amounts of sugar

28
Q

What are some examples of phytochemicals found in food?

A

Tomatoes - Lycopene
Turmeric - Curcumin
Red grapes - Resveratrol
Green tea - Catechin

NUTCORE ViVA VoCE (16 decks)

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