``` food w/ carotenes yellow & dark leafy vegetables butter eggs whole milk liver ```

Nutrition Flashcards by Marissa Robertson

Vitamin A

retinol
general growth &amp; development
wound healing
biosynthesis of steroids
pigment required for night vision
in epithelial cells

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vitamin A sources

food w/ carotenes
yellow &amp; dark leafy vegetables
butter
eggs
whole milk
liver

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vitamin A oral supplement uses

pregnancy
lactation
undernutrition
night blindness
slow wound healing
gastrectomy
topical: acne, psoriasis, skin issues

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vitamin A deficiencies causes

prolonged dietary deprivation (rice diet)
pancreatic disease
cirrhosis

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vitamin A se

uncommon @ recommended doses
toxic in large amounts: acute ingestion = serious CNS toxicity (HA/irritability/drowsiness/delirium/coma)
long-term high ingestion: drying & scaling of skin, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia vomiting, leukopenia
can increase serum calcium/cholesterol and BUN

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Vitamin D

regulates calcium phosphate metabolism/absorption

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Vitamin D sources

D2: dairy

D3 UV light

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Vitamin D supplement uses

rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
hypocalcemia

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vitamin D causes of deficiency

low dietary intake
inadequate sun exposure
anti convulsants

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vitamin D se

uncommon

toxic: hypercalcemia

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calcitriol

bone resorption inhibitor
used fo CKD & hypoparathyroidism
combined w/ calcium supplement

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vitamin E

tocopherols
primary antioxidant (prevents formation of free-radicals)

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vitamin E sources

plant-seed oils
whole-grain cereals
eggs
certain organ meats

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vitamin E oral supplement uses

prevent heart disease

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vitamin E causes of deficiency

child: prematurity > hemolytic anemia
adult: severe malabsorption

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vitamin E adverse effects

uncommon @ recommended doses

long-term ^ ingestion= n/v fatigue, headache, blurred vision

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vitamin K

needed to produce prothrombin

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vitamin K sources

K1 phytonadione: plant sources, eggs, liver, cheese

K2 menaquinone: synthesized by microbial flora in colon

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vitamin K causes of deficiency

newborn
liver disease
long-term parental nutrition
cephalosporins & salicylates

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vitamin K se

facial flushing
pain @ injection site
severe: dyspnea, hypotension, shock, cardia arrest

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vitamin B1

thiamine

essential to metabolic processes: oxidation of CHO/RBC formation

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vitamin B1 sources

plant & animal products
whole-grain foods
dried beans
peanuts

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vitamin B1 causes of deficiency

prolonged dietary deprivation (rice diet)
hyperthyroid
pregnancy
alcoholism
chronic liver disease

vitamin B1 se

pain @ injection site

toxic IV: angioedema, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, GI bleeding, CV collapse

vitamin B1 deficiency

beriberi neurologic signs (paresthesia, neuralgia, progressive loss of feeling & reflexes) not common in US (alcoholism & chronic liver disease)

vitamini B2

riboflavin | oxidation reduction

vitamin B2 sources

``` wheat germ eggs cheese fish nuts leafy vegetables ```

vitamin B2 causes of deficiency

inadequate intake chronic diarrhea liver disease alcoholism

vitamin B2 deficiency s/s

corneal vascularization anemia dermatitis cheilosis (painful inflammation & cracking of corners of mouth white)

Vitamin B3

niacin | oxidation-reduction

Vitamin B3 sources

``` synthesized from tryptophan beans wheat germ meats nuts whole-grain bread ```

vitamin B3 causes of deficiency

corn diet chronic diarrhea liver disease alcoholism

Vitamin B3 SE

uncommon | high doses: flush, rash, diarrhea, hepatoxicity

Vitamin B3 deficiency

pellagra (characterized by scaly sores, mucosal changes/ mental symptom) fatigue anorexia dry skin common in alcoholism classic signs: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

Vitamin B6

pyridoxine | amino acids/ RBC production

vitamin B6 sources

``` meats whole grains eggs fortified cereals nuts bananas ```

vitamin B6 causes of deficiency

``` oral contraceptives uremia hypothyroidism isoniazid cyclosporine hydralazine heart failure malabsorption alcoholism ```

vitamin B6 use

+ antihistamin = tx severe N/v in pregnancy

Vitamin B6 SE

pain @ injection flushing | high doses: neuropathy, ataxia, seizures

vitamin B6 deficiency s/s

skin abnormalities cheilosis fatigue irritability

Vitamin B9

folic acid DNA synthesis RBC production

vitamin B9 sources

green leafy vegetables | citrus fruits

vitamin B9 causes of deficiency

``` corn diet oral contraceptives phenytoin barbiturates chronic diarrhea liver disease alcoholism ```

vitamin B9 SE

uncommon | high doses: hypersensitivity (allergic rxn)

vitamin B9 deficiency s/s

megaloblastic anemia w/out severe CNS symptoms maternal deficiency = neural tube defects in embryo/fetus = open/closed spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis

Vitamin B12

cynocobalamin cell replication erythrocyte maturation myelin synthesis

vitamin B12 sources

``` animals lean meat seafood liver milk yeast (fortified cereals) ```

vitamin B12 causes of deficiency

``` diet lack of intrinsic factor omeprazole metformin oral contraceptives alcohol ```

vitamin B12 SE

``` rash diarrhea high doses: thrombosis hypokalemia pulmonary edema heart failure ```

vitamin B12 deficiency s/s vs due to lack of intrinsic factor

megaloblastic anemia vs pernicious anemia

vitamin C

``` ascorbic acid coenzyme collagen synthesis tissue healing maintenance of bone/teeth/epithelial tissue ```

vitamin C sources

fruits | vegetables

vitamin C causes of deficiency

``` diet pregnancy chronic inflammatory disease burns diarrhea alcoholism ```

vitamin C SE

uncommon | high doses: crystalluria

vitamin C deficiency s/s

scurvy fatigue bleeding gums poor wound healing