Nutrition Flashcards
Vitamin A
retinol general growth & development wound healing biosynthesis of steroids pigment required for night vision in epithelial cells
vitamin A sources
food w/ carotenes yellow & dark leafy vegetables butter eggs whole milk liver
vitamin A oral supplement uses
pregnancy lactation undernutrition night blindness slow wound healing gastrectomy topical: acne, psoriasis, skin issues
vitamin A deficiencies causes
prolonged dietary deprivation (rice diet)
pancreatic disease
cirrhosis
vitamin A se
uncommon @ recommended doses
toxic in large amounts: acute ingestion = serious CNS toxicity (HA/irritability/drowsiness/delirium/coma)
long-term high ingestion: drying & scaling of skin, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia vomiting, leukopenia
can increase serum calcium/cholesterol and BUN
Vitamin D
regulates calcium phosphate metabolism/absorption
Vitamin D sources
D2: dairy
D3 UV light
Vitamin D supplement uses
rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
hypocalcemia
vitamin D causes of deficiency
low dietary intake
inadequate sun exposure
anti convulsants
vitamin D se
uncommon
toxic: hypercalcemia
calcitriol
bone resorption inhibitor
used fo CKD & hypoparathyroidism
combined w/ calcium supplement
vitamin E
tocopherols primary antioxidant (prevents formation of free-radicals)
vitamin E sources
plant-seed oils
whole-grain cereals
eggs
certain organ meats
vitamin E oral supplement uses
prevent heart disease
vitamin E causes of deficiency
child: prematurity > hemolytic anemia
adult: severe malabsorption
vitamin E adverse effects
uncommon @ recommended doses
long-term ^ ingestion= n/v fatigue, headache, blurred vision
vitamin K
needed to produce prothrombin
vitamin K sources
K1 phytonadione: plant sources, eggs, liver, cheese
K2 menaquinone: synthesized by microbial flora in colon
vitamin K causes of deficiency
newborn
liver disease
long-term parental nutrition
cephalosporins & salicylates
vitamin K se
facial flushing
pain @ injection site
severe: dyspnea, hypotension, shock, cardia arrest
vitamin B1
thiamine
essential to metabolic processes: oxidation of CHO/RBC formation
vitamin B1 sources
plant & animal products
whole-grain foods
dried beans
peanuts
vitamin B1 causes of deficiency
prolonged dietary deprivation (rice diet) hyperthyroid pregnancy alcoholism chronic liver disease
vitamin B1 se
pain @ injection site
toxic IV: angioedema, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, GI bleeding, CV collapse
vitamin B1 deficiency
beriberi
neurologic signs (paresthesia, neuralgia, progressive loss of feeling & reflexes)
not common in US (alcoholism & chronic liver disease)
vitamini B2
riboflavin
oxidation reduction
vitamin B2 sources
wheat germ eggs cheese fish nuts leafy vegetables
vitamin B2 causes of deficiency
inadequate intake
chronic diarrhea
liver disease
alcoholism
vitamin B2 deficiency s/s
corneal vascularization
anemia
dermatitis
cheilosis (painful inflammation & cracking of corners of mouth white)
Vitamin B3
niacin
oxidation-reduction
Vitamin B3 sources
synthesized from tryptophan beans wheat germ meats nuts whole-grain bread
vitamin B3 causes of deficiency
corn diet
chronic diarrhea
liver disease
alcoholism
Vitamin B3 SE
uncommon
high doses: flush, rash, diarrhea, hepatoxicity
Vitamin B3 deficiency
pellagra (characterized by scaly sores, mucosal changes/ mental symptom)
fatigue
anorexia
dry skin
common in alcoholism
classic signs: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Vitamin B6
pyridoxine
amino acids/ RBC production
vitamin B6 sources
meats whole grains eggs fortified cereals nuts bananas
vitamin B6 causes of deficiency
oral contraceptives uremia hypothyroidism isoniazid cyclosporine hydralazine heart failure malabsorption alcoholism
vitamin B6 use
+ antihistamin = tx severe N/v in pregnancy
Vitamin B6 SE
pain @ injection flushing
high doses: neuropathy, ataxia, seizures
vitamin B6 deficiency s/s
skin abnormalities
cheilosis
fatigue
irritability
Vitamin B9
folic acid
DNA synthesis
RBC production
vitamin B9 sources
green leafy vegetables
citrus fruits
vitamin B9 causes of deficiency
corn diet oral contraceptives phenytoin barbiturates chronic diarrhea liver disease alcoholism
vitamin B9 SE
uncommon
high doses: hypersensitivity (allergic rxn)
vitamin B9 deficiency s/s
megaloblastic anemia w/out severe CNS symptoms
maternal deficiency = neural tube defects in embryo/fetus
= open/closed spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis
Vitamin B12
cynocobalamin
cell replication
erythrocyte maturation
myelin synthesis
vitamin B12 sources
animals lean meat seafood liver milk yeast (fortified cereals)
vitamin B12 causes of deficiency
diet lack of intrinsic factor omeprazole metformin oral contraceptives alcohol
vitamin B12 SE
rash diarrhea high doses: thrombosis hypokalemia pulmonary edema heart failure
vitamin B12 deficiency s/s vs due to lack of intrinsic factor
megaloblastic anemia
vs
pernicious anemia
vitamin C
ascorbic acid coenzyme collagen synthesis tissue healing maintenance of bone/teeth/epithelial tissue
vitamin C sources
fruits
vegetables
vitamin C causes of deficiency
diet pregnancy chronic inflammatory disease burns diarrhea alcoholism
vitamin C SE
uncommon
high doses: crystalluria
vitamin C deficiency s/s
scurvy
fatigue
bleeding gums
poor wound healing
