Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > Endocrine Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Endocrine Regulation

A 
Sodium & Water balance
control of BP/blood volume
regulation energy balance
coordination of responses to stress
reproduction, growth & development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

from hypothalamus to pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Trophic Hormones

A

from pituitary to peripheral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothalums Hormone patterns

A

TRH –> TSH –> Thyroid –> (t4/t3)
CRH –> ACTH –> Adrenal –> (glucocorticoids)
GnRH –> LH/FSH–> Ovary/Testis –> (estrogen/testosterone)
GHRH –> GH –> Liver –> (IGF-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Cortisol
Estrogen
Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Insulin
GH
Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Protein Hormones

A

ACTH
ADH
Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amine Hormones

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Water Soluble Hormones

A

Receptor on cell membrane
fast action
dissolved in plasma
short half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

receptor inside cell
slow speed of action
attached to carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Total Hormones

A

protein-bound hormones + free hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormone Disorders: Ranking

A

Primary: abnormality in gland
Secondary: ab in stimulation from pituitary
Tertiary: ab in stim from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly) cause

A

hyper secretion of GH by anterior pituitary in adults

usually by pituitary tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly) assessment

A 
large hands/feet
thickening/protrusion of jaw
joint pain
visual disturbances
sweating
oily/rough skin
organomegaly
HTN
atherosclerosis
cardiomegaly
heart failure
dysphagia/sleep apnea
narrowing of airway
deepening of voice
hyperglycemia
colon polyps (increased risk for colon cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly) interventions

A

pharmacology to suppress GH or block GH
radiation to pituitary gland or removal
joint pain control/anti hypertensives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acromegaly Medications

A 
Samastatin Analogs (octreotide, lanreotide)
Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonists [GHRAs] (pegvisomant)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypopituitarism cause

A

hyposecretion of pituitary hormones

tumors/trauma/encephalitis/autoimmunity/stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypopituitarism Hormones most affected:

A

GH/LH/FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypopituitarism Hormones Least Effected:

A

ACTH/ADH/TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypopituitarism assessment

A 
mild to moderatete obesity (GH/TSH) 
reduced cardiac output (GH ADH)
infertility/sexual dysfunction (FSH/LH/ACTH)
fatigue/low BP (TSH ADH ACTH GH)
headaches/visual defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypopituitarism TX

A

hormone replacement for deficient hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate Andtidiuretic Homrone (SIADH) causes

A 
hyperfunctioning of posterior pituitary gland causing ADH 
trauma
stroke
malignancies (lung/pancreas)
medications
stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

SIADH patho

A

excess ADH > excessive water absorption by kidneys > low serum osmolality/sodium > urine output decreased/concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

SIADH risks

A 
water intoxication
cerebral edema (seizure risk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SIADH assessment

A 
pulmonary edema (pink, frothy sputum)
changes in LOC
weight gain
HTN
tachycardia
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
hyponatremia (dilutional)
low urinary output
high specific gravity of urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SIADH TX

A 
monitor cardia/neuro status (telemetry)
monitor fluid balance (i/o > catheter)
monitor electrolytes/urine osmolality
restrict fluid intake
if IVF risk of fluid volume overload
hypertonic saline (3% saline) 
salt tablets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

seizure precautions

A 
sodium <120
greatest threat to survival
fluid restriction
don't hold down if seize
pad beds
put hands on handrails
mouthguard maybe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SIADH Medications

A

loop diuretics
may need K+ replacement
aquaretics
vasopressin receptor antagonists (-vaptans) [conivaptan]
demeclocycline (tetracycline ABX decreases renal response to ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner part of adrenal glands
secretes 75-80 epinephrine
15-20 norepinephrine
fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

A

> 30% gluccocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glucocorticoids

A 
cortisol
cortisone
corticosterone
impact metabolism in cells
prepare body for long-term stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A 
mostly androgens (male) 
small amounts of estrogen 
lower levels compared to testes/ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

controlled by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

controlled by blanace in potassium/ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison Disease) pathogenesis

A

dysfunction of adrenal cortex
hyposecretion of adrenocortical hormones
automimmune diesase
TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Addison Disease s/s

A 
lowered plasma cortisol
increased plasma ACTH
fatigue
weakness
weight loss
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
abdominal pain
diarrhea
constipation
hypotension 
dehydration
hypoglycemia
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
acidosis
pigmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Addison Disease TX

A

hydrocortisone
saline solution
glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Addison Disease Interventions

A

watch VS and I/O, blood glucose, potassium, sodium and lipids
lifelong glucocorticoid/mineralcorticoid therapy
may need insulin
avoid infections/strenuous exercise/stressful situations
wear med alert bracelet
high protein/carb diet
supplement calcium/vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

prednisone

A

tx Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

fludocortisone

A

synthetic adrenocoritcal steroid
tx addison’s
very potent mineralocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

hydrocortisone sodium succinate or phosphate

A

drug of choice for adrenal crisis/daily maintenance Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

daily dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

androgen replacement

improve libido/well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hydrocortisone MOA and use

A 
synthetic corticosteroid (short-acting)
andrenocortical insufficiency (usually lifelong)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hydrocortisone SE

A 
sodium/fluid retention 
insomnia
anxiety
headache
vertigo
confusion
depression
high-doses increase dopamine (depression/mood swings/psychosis) + lower serotonin in brain 
impaired wound healing
adrenal atrophy
osteoporsis
muscle wasting
CHF
edema
cataracts
glaucoma
DON'T DISCONTINUE SUDDENLY = Addisonian crisis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency causes

A

hypothalamic-pituitary disease

ant pit malfunction leading to loss of ACTH production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency clincal manifestations

A

Primary w/out pigmentation changes
no hypokalemia
less prominent hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency diagnosis

A 
basic metabolic panels
early morning cortisol levels
rapid ACTH stimulation test 
plasma ACTH levels
insulin-induced hypoglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency TX

A

hormone replacement

adrenal crisis: replace glucocorticoids/water/sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cosyntropin use

A

diagnosing cause of adrenocortical insufficiency
injection then test for secretion of cortisol positive = adrenal gland issue negative = pituitary/hypothalamus issue
measure cortisol levels 30 - 60 min after admin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome causes

A 
chroniic exposure to excess glucocorticoids
change in protein/fat metabolism (central obesity/moonface/buffalo hump/thin skin/easy bruising/osteoporsis/diabetes)
change in sex hormones (excess hair growth/irregular menses/infertility/impotence)
changes in aldosterone (salt/water retention/^BP)
Cushings Disease (ACTH-dependent cushing syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cushing Syndrome Manifestations

A 
obesity (thin arms/legs) 
osteoporosis
hyptention
cardiac hypertrophy
increased appetite
overactivity of steroid-producing cells
atrophy of skin
gains weight rapidly
irregular menses
increased protein breakdown
easy bruising
decreased immune/inflammatory response
labile mood
depression
anxiety
diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cushing Syndrome development

A

over a period of years

excessive ACTH > excessive stimulation of adrenal cortex = excessive production of glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cushing’s Disease Diagnosis

A

establish presence of hypercorticolism

classifying as ACTH-dependent or independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Cushing Syndrome Primary TX

A

resection of ACTH-secreting tumor
radiotherapy
lifetime replacement of glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cushing Syndrome Iatrogenic syndrome:

A

gradual withdrawal of medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome TX:

A

adrenalectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Cushing ACTH-secreting tumors TX:

A

resection when possible

60
Q

Cushing Metastaic disease TX:

A

medications

61
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome) cause

A

renin-independent hyperaldosteronism
excess aldosterone production w/in adrenal cortex
commonly b/c of adenoma (benign tumors) or bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia (^ # of cells)

62
Q

Conn Syndrome s/s

A 
electrolyte disturbances
ha
fatigue
muscle weakness
cardiac dysrhthmias
paresthesia
tetany (muscle spasms)
visual changes
glucose intolerance
elevated aldosterone
polydipsia
polyuria
unexplained hypokalemia
63
Q

Conn Syndrome Interventions

A 
VS (BP) i/o urine specific gravity
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
beta-blockers
adrenalectomy (followed by lifelong glucocorticoids)
64
Q

Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction (Pheochromocytoma) cause

A

neruoendocrine tumors (typically benign)

65
Q

Pheochromocytoma risk factors

A

familial/genetic syndrome

men syndromes

66
Q

Pheochromocytoma manifestations

A 
severe headaches
excessive sweating
flushing
heat intolerance
sustained hypertension
palpitations
tachycardia
chest ppain
anxiety
panic attack
nausea/vomiting
weight loss
tremors
hyperglycemia
67
Q

Pheochromocytoma diagnosis

A

24 hr urine collection (measuring VMA)
CT w/ contrast
MRI
imaging w/ radioactive tracers

68
Q

Pheochromocytoma interventions

A

monitor VS
serum glucose
urine output (worry for hypertensive crisis)

69
Q

Pheochromocytoma TX

A

complete surgical removal of tumor
alpha-adrenergic blockers (10-15 days B4 surgery)
beta blockers/antihypertensives

70
Q

Pheochromocytoma Complications

A 
hypertensive crisis, hypertensive encephalopathy
retinopathy
nephropathy
cardiac enlargement
dysrhythmias
heart failure
MI
increased platlet aggregation
risk of stroke
shock 
renal failure
dissecting aortic aneurysm (death)
71
Q

Pheochromocytoma education

A 
promote rest/nonstressful education
avoid increased intra-abdominal pressure
avoid stimulants (nicotine/caffeine)/sudden position changes
72
Q

Pheochromocytoma first-line drugs therapy

A

Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents

prazosin/terazosin/doxazosin

73
Q

Pheochromocytoma secondary TX

A

beta blockers

propranolol nadolol

74
Q

Thyroid information

A

right and left lobe

thyroid follicle

75
Q

Thyroid hormones

A 
control basal metabolic rate
growth/development in infants&amp;children
mental development
sexual maturity
cardiovascular/respiratory/GI/neuromuscular function
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
76
Q

Graves Disease:

A

hyperthyroidism

77
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

hypothyroidism

78
Q

Thyroxine T4

A

storage form (converted into T3)

79
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

energy form

80
Q

Calcitonin

A

responsible for calcium homeostasis

81
Q

Iodine

A

essential for synthesis of T4/T3

82
Q

Thyroid Regulation

A

negative feedback loop

the more thyroxine = less TRH/TSH released

83
Q 
Thyroid Hormones: Actions
Metabolic
CV/Respiratory
GI
ETC
A

increases basal metabolic rate
increases CO/HR/ventilation/muscle contractilty/vasodilation
increases appetite/diarrhea
increases skeletal muscle activity
increase sympathetic activity
growth developments bone/sexual/cognitive

84
Q 
Hypothyroidism primmary causes
Goiter
Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Thyroidectomy
A

iodine deficiency
inflammation
autoimmune (most common)
surgical removal

85
Q

Hypothyroidism Secondary causes

A

deficient TSH secreted from anterior pituitary causes thyroid atrophy

86
Q

Secondary Hypothryoidism early vs severe symptoms

A 
generalized weakness
muscle cramps
dry skin 
vs
slurred speech
bradycardia
weight gain
decreased taste/smell
intolerence of cold
altered mental status (> coma)
87
Q

Goiters

A

abnormal growth of thryoid gland
nodular or diffuse
can cause normal/decreased or increased thyroid hormone production

88
Q

Nontoxic diffuse goiters

A

simple goiters

no overt hyper/hypo thyroidism

89
Q

nontoxic multinodular goiters

A

growth factors

normal TSH

90
Q

endemic goiter

A

iodine deficiency; increased TSH

91
Q

chronic autoimmune (Hashimoto) thyroiditis:

A

hypothyroidism

92
Q

toxic multinodular goiter (Graves)

A

hyperthyroidism

93
Q

Goiters causes

[worldwide - US - uncommon]

A

iodine deficiency

  • multinodular goiter/hashimoto/graves/increased TSH due to defect in hormone synthesis
  • tumors/thyroiditis/infiltrative disease
94
Q

Goiters s/s

A

associated w/ thryoidal dysfunction/growth rate of goiter

long standing goiters: obstruction/sudden increase in size

95
Q

Goiters diagnosis

A

physical exam thru palpation
clinical symptoms
TSH/T3/T4 autoantibodies

96
Q

Goiters TX

A

small/mod:
oral thyroid hormone
removal if malignancy is suspected

97
Q

Levothyroxine action/uses

A

endogenous thyroid hormone

replaces T4 in patients with low hyroid function

98
Q

Levothryoxine SE

A 
hyperthyroidism
palpitations
dysrhythmias
anxiety
insomnia
weight loss 
heat intolerance
menstrual irregularities
osteoporosis (in women)
99
Q

Levothyroxine Nursing interventions

A

VS/HR/rhythmn

monitor for overdose (tachycardia/chest pain/restlessness/nervousness/insomnia)

100
Q

Levothyroxine Teaching

A 
relief of symptoms 3-4 weeks
recheck hormone levels 4-6 weeks
full therapeutic 8 weeks
diet: 
low calorie/low cholesterol/low saturate fat/roughage/fluids help avoid constipation
daily exercise
101
Q

Levothyroxine AVOID

A

sedatives/opioid analgesics =sensitivity > myxedema coma

102
Q

Myxedma Coma causes

A 
persistently low thyroid production by
acute illness
rapid withdrawal of thyroid medications
anesthesia/surgery
hypothermia
use of sedatives/opioid analgesics
103
Q

Myxedma Coma Assessment:

A 
hypotension
bradycardia
hypothermia
hyponatremia
hypoglycemia
generalized edema
respiratory failure
coma
104
Q

Myxedma Coma interventions

A 
maintain patient airway
prevent aspiration (don't lie pts flat, have suction available)
assess body temp hourly BP frequently
monitor mental status 
monitor electrolytes /glucose levels
105
Q

Myxedema Coma TX

A

Iv fluids
levothyroxine sodium IV
IV dextrose (tx hypoglycemia/NPO)
corticosteroids

106
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Primary) causes

A 
Graves disease (most common)
multinodular goiters
toxic adenomas
iodine-induced hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis factitial
107
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Primary) s/s

A 
tachycardia
atrial fibrillation
fine tremors
proximal muscle weakness
goiter
warm, moist skin
hyperreflexia
lid lag/retraction
stare
alopecia
exophthalmos (eye protrusion)
increased metabolism
anxiety
insomnia
palmar erythema
108
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Primary) Diagnosis

A

Suppressed serum TSH w/ elevated T4

thyroid peroxidase antibodies

109
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Primary) Interventions

A 
adequate rest/cool, quiet environment
daily weights
high calorie/low sodium diet
avoid stimulants
artificial tears/dark glasses
110
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Primary) TX

A

partial/total thyroidectomy
medications to decrease hormone production
radioactive iodine
propranlol (for tachycardia)

111
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU) methimazole Action

A

inhibits incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormones

112
Q

PTU & methimazole Interventions/Labs

A

assess s/s of hypothyroidism, jaundice and bleeding

thyroid hormone levels, TSH, ECG, CBC, Liver enzymes

113
Q

PTU & methimazole SE

A

hepatoxic, agranulocytosis (decreased immune response)

114
Q

Radioactive Iodide Action

A

destroys cells in thyroid
more permanent/long-term solution
usually hypothyroid post-therapy (requiring levothyroxine)

115
Q

Radioactive Iodide teaching

A

avoid children/pregnant people one week post admin

limit contact with others for a few days post admin

116
Q

Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis) causes

A

acute/life-threatening
manipulation of gland in surgery
severe infection
stress

117
Q

Thyrotoxicosis s/s

A 
elevated body temperature
tachycardia
hypertension
n/v/d
tremors
anxiety
irritability
agitation
restlessness
confusion
seizures
delirium
coma
118
Q

Thyrotoxicosis TX

A 
maintain patient airway (don't lie on back)
monitor VS/CV
cooling blanket/ice packs
antithyroid meds (PTU)
radioactive iodide
propanolol
corticosteroids
iodine --> to prepare for throidectomy
DO NOT GIVE SALICYLATES (ASPIRIN)
119
Q

Thyroiditis etiology

A

inflammation of thyroid

120
Q

Subactue thyroiditis

A 
transient hypo/hyper thyroidism
upper respiratory infection 
tender
painful
minimally enlarged thyroid
121
Q

Painless thyroiditis

A

transient hyper/hypo thyroidism

122
Q

postpartum thyroiditis

A 
autoimmune disorder
transient hyper/hypothyroidism
follicular damage (release of stored t3/t4)
123
Q

infectious thyroiditis

A

infection of the thyroid gland

acute: sudden onset of neck pain, tenderness, fever, chills dysphagia, neck swelling

124
Q

Thyroiditis TX

A

normalize thyroid levels

125
Q

Thyroid Nodules Causes

A

abnormal growth of thyroid cells forming lumps
multinodular goiter
hashimoto thyroiditis
follicular adenomas

126
Q

Thyroid Nodules s/s

A

excessive T3/T4

obstructive symptoms

127
Q

Thyroid Nodules Diagnosis

A 
history/physical exam 
TSH
thyroid ultrasound
thyroid scintigraphy
fine-needle aspiration cytology biopsy
128
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Secondary) s/s

A

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

tumor mass s/s r/t obstruction

129
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Secondary) Diagnosis

A

hyperthyroidism w/ diffuse goiter w/o s/s of Graves

high/normal T4/3 w/ elevated TSH

130
Q

Thyroid Cancer types

A

Papillary (most common)
follicular (aggressive)
medullary (from parafollicular C cwlls)
anaplastic (undifferentiated follicular extremely aggressive)

131
Q

Thyroid Cancer s/s

A

rapid nodular growth; fixed
hoarseness/loss of voice
cervical lymphadenopathy

132
Q

Thyroid Cancer TX

A

papillary/follicular (total thyroidectomy, remnant ablation therapy, levothyroxine)
medullary (total thyroidectomy/levothyroxine)
anaplastic (surgical resection, radiation, chemotherapy)

133
Q

Parathyroid info

A

4 secreting glands
regulates calcium/phosphate
target organs (intestinal mucosa/kidney/bones)

134
Q

Hypoparathyroidism cause

A

surgery (most common)
autoimmune
familial
idiopathic

135
Q

Hypoparathyroidism s/s

A 
hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia
trosseau's and chvostek sign
increased neuromuscular excitability
tetany
bronchospasm 
laryngospasm
dysphagia
seizures
cardiac dysrhythmias
hypotension
anxiety
irritability
136
Q

Hypoparathyroidsim Diagnosis

A

calcium decreased

phosphate increased

137
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Interventions

A

monitor closely fo rhypocalcemia (spasms/cramps/tetany)

initiate seizure precautions

138
Q

Hypoparathyroidism thyroidectomy

A

prepare tracheostomy set/oxygen/suction equipment for return

139
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Diet

A

high calcium, low phosphorus
may need calcium supplements
vitamin D supplements
phosphate binders

140
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Primary

A

generalized disorder of calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism
resulted from increased PTH

141
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Secondary

A

diffuse hyperplasia of parathyroid glands due to external cause

142
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Tertiary

A

results from excessive sustained release of PTH

143
Q

Hyperparathyroidism s/s

A 
hypercalcemia/hypophosphatemia
fatigue
muscle weakness
bone deformities
fractures
skeletal pain
anorexia
N/v
epigastric pain
weight loss
constipation 
hypertension 
dysrhthmias
renal stones
144
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Diagnosis

A

calcium and PTH levels

radiologic studies

145
Q

Hyperparathyroidism TX

A

surgery
phosphates IV
IV/PO (sodium phosphate/potassium phosphate)
bisphophonates (alendronate sodium)

146
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Interventions

A

Monitor VS/BP/CV/IO/CA/PHOS
diet: high-fiber, moderate calcium
monitor for skeletal pain

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions