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Physiology > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

T or F? Overweight and obese individuals have relatively low metabolic rates.

A

False

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2
Q

T or F? Low metabolism contributes significantly to obese individuals’ excess weight gain.

A

False for most populations

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3
Q

T or F? There are diets available to increase a person’s metabolic rate thereby inducing weight loss.

A

False

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4
Q

T or F? A person’s metabolic rate decreases during caloric restriction inhibiting the rate of weight loss.

A

True

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5
Q

What is an alternative energy source for the brain?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (ketones)

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6
Q

What is stunting and what is it caused by?

A

It is linear growth failure caused by chronic mild protein energy malnutrition

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7
Q

What is the meaning of underweight?

A

Defined as weight-for-age >2 SD below mean in kids, BMI<18.5 in adults

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8
Q

What is the meaning of wasting?

A

It is AKA marasmus and is defined as weight-for-height >2 SD below mean

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9
Q

What is Kwashhiorkor?

A

Manifested by inadequate protein and it causes wasting with edema and impaired renal function

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10
Q

What are saturated FAs?

A

No double bonds

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11
Q

What are mono unsaturated FAs?

A

Single double bond

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12
Q

What are poly unsaturated FAs?

A

Multiple double bonds

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13
Q

What happens with essential FA deficiency?

A

Scaly dermatitis

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14
Q

What are the essential FAs?

A

Linoleic and Linolenic Acid

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15
Q

How does fiber decrease plasma cholesterol levels?

A
  • Sequesters bile to reduce reabsorption
  • Slows carbohydrate absorption which keeps insulin low and slows cholesterol synthesis
  • Stimulate short chain FA synthesis which inhibits cholesterol synthesis
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16
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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17
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C

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18
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Involved with vision and gene expression

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19
Q

What happens with vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness/red gingiva/immune dysfunction

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20
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Maintain serum calcium and phosphorus levels

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21
Q

What happens with vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets/osteomalacia

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22
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant in cell membranes

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23
Q

What happens with vitamin E deficiency?

A

Ataxia with peripheral neuropathy

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24
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A

Cofactor for blood clotting

25
Q

What happens with vitamin K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhaging and poor coagulation

26
Q

What is a major sign of rickets?

A

Bow legs

27
Q

What is vitamin A AKA?

A

Retinol

28
Q

What is vitamin D AKA?

A

Cholecalciferol

29
Q

What is vitamin E AKA?

A

Tocopherol

30
Q

What is vitamin K AKA?

A

Phylloquinone

31
Q

What vitamin first comes to mind with chronic alcoholism?

A

Thiamin

32
Q

What important enzyme is thiamin a cofactor for?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

33
Q

What disease is related to thiamin deficiency?

A

Beriberi

34
Q

What enzyme is most affected by riboflavin deficiency?

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

35
Q

What is a symptom of excess riboflavin?

A

Bright yellow urine

36
Q

What is niacin made from?

A

Tryptophan

37
Q

What is the function of niacin?

A

Coenzymes as NAD and NADP in ATP synthesis

38
Q

What is caused by niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra

39
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

Coenzyme in redox reactions (hydroxylation of collagen)

40
Q

What is caused by vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

41
Q

What is the function of folic acid?

A

Coenzyme for methyl transfer reactions (THF)

42
Q

What important enzymes are related to folic acid?

A

Thymidylate Synthase

Methionine Synthase

43
Q

What is the function of cobalamin?

A

Coenzyme for one-carbon transfers: methionine synthase & methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA)

44
Q

What is caused by cobalamin deficiency?

A

Decreased DNA synthesis and increased MeTHF as a “methyl trap” and homocysteine will accumulate

45
Q

What are the functions of Ca2+?

A

In bone and as a messenger

46
Q

What are the functions of P?

A

Bone, phospholipids and as a messenger

47
Q

What is refeeding syndrome?

A

Starved people given glucose and saline will see stimulation of rapid glycogen synthesis, which depletes plasma phosphorus concentration

48
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

On heme to bind O2

49
Q

What transports Fe?

A

Transferrin

50
Q

What stores Fe?

A

Ferritin

Hemosiderin in the liver

51
Q

What is the function of ceruloplasmin?

A

Oxidzes ferrous iron to ferric iron for storage

52
Q

What is caused by Fe deficiency?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

53
Q

What is the function of Zn?

A

Zinc serves in the Zn finger structures of proteins

54
Q

What can occur with Zn deficiency?

A

Anemia, hypogonadism and “dwarfism”; reversed on feeding of meat products

55
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

Essential component of thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine [T4]) & triiodothyronine (T3); essential for proper growth & development

56
Q

What can occur with iodine deficiency?

A

Endemic goiter

57
Q

What is the function of Cu?

A

It is a constituent of many proteins & enzymes, typically in oxidative capacity; most circulating Cu bound to ceruloplasmin

58
Q

What are some diseases of Cu deficiency?

A

Menke’s disease – fatal X-linked disorder, mutation in ATP7A gene results in maldistribution of Cu; characterized by mental retardation; depigmented hair; low serum, brain & liver Cu but elevated in intestinal mucosa, muscle & kidneys – results in faulty connective tissue formation, death often by 3 years

Physiology (81 decks)

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