Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Endocrinology Basics I and II > Flashcards

Endocrinology Basics I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What are classes of the amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines
Indoleamines
Thyroid Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the monoamines?

A

Catecholamines

Indoleamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the half life of monoamines like?

A

VERY short (2-3 minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the half life of peptide hormones like?

A

Medium length (4-170 minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the half life of steroid like?

A

Long (minutes to hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the precursor for catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the enzyme for the rate limiting step for the formation of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Tyrosine Hydroxylase activated by?

A

Sympathetic Activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Tyrosine Hydroxylase activated by?

A

Sympathetic Activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main 2 organs that dopamine is made in?

A

Brain and Adrenal Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the NT function of dopamine?

A

Activates reward pathways and is involved in attention and mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the hormone function of dopamine?

A

Inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the hormone function of dopamine?

A

Inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do dopaminergic neurons arise from?

A

Arcuate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What converts dopamine into norepinephrine?

A

Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is norepinephrine converted into epinephrine?

A

Adrenal Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the enzyme for the rate limiting step for the formation of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is norepinephrine converted into epinephrine?

A

Adrenal Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the precursor for indoleamines?

A

Tryptophan

21
Q

What is the enzyme for the rate limiting step for the formation of indoleamines?

A

Tryptophan Hydroxylase

22
Q

What are examples of indoleamines?

A

Serotonin

Melatonin

23
Q

What is the function of serotonin in the brain?

A

It is the “happiness” hormone

24
Q

What is the function of serotonin in the body?

A

Serves as a vasoconstrictor and stimulates smooth muscle contraction

25
Q

What produces most of the serotonin in the body?

A

Enterochromaffin cells in the gut

26
Q

What is the function of drugs that act as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

A

SSRIs work to increase the concentration of serotonin at the synaptic cleft and is used to treat depression.

Causes negative feedback on serotonin synthesis.

27
Q

What is the main enzyme in monoamine metabolism?

A

Monoamine Oxidase

28
Q

What is measured in urine to determine the catecholamine levels?

A

VMA

29
Q

Where is melatonin made?

A

Pineal Gland

30
Q

How is melatonin made?

A

It is converted from tryptophan into serotonin into melatonin

31
Q

What is rate limiting step of melatonin synthesis?

A

N-acetyltransferase and it is the most active at night.

32
Q

What is melatonin and inhibitor of?

A

Potent inhibitor of reproduction

33
Q

What circadian rhythm is melatonin tied with?

A

Melatonin begins secretion during the dark. Duration of the dark period is important to
get the full physiological effects of melatonin

34
Q

How are peptide hormones processed?

A

Peptide hormone is made as preprohormone and then the signal is cleaved which will form the prohormone. The pro hormone is the combination of the hormone and the copeptide.

35
Q

What is related with the half life of the hormone?

A

Size of the hormone is directly related to half life

36
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

All derived from cholesterol precursor

37
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A stimulates B which inhibits A

38
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A stimulates B stimulates A

39
Q

What are the features of classical endocrine glands?

A

Ductless and secrete hormone directly into blood or extracellular space.

40
Q

What is the etiology and effect of cretinism?

A

It is a congenital deficiency caused by iodine deficiency during development that causes short stature/impaired bone formation, mental retardation and delayed motor development.

41
Q

What is the etiology and effect of multiple endocrine neoplasia?

A

It is a genetic disease caused by characterized by 2-3 tumors in multiple endocrine glands

42
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

43
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Hormones secreted into the blood acting on downstream target tissues.

44
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Hormones secreted into the interstitial space acting at nearby cells.

45
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Hormones secreted into the interstitial space acting back on same cell.

46
Q

What is the non-specific binding protein of hormones?

A

Albumin

47
Q

What are the 2 methods bound hormones are delivered to targets?

A
  1. Steroid hormone is released at membrane and it freely diffuses across the lipid bilayer.
  2. Hormone bound complex binds to megalin and and endocytic vesicle forms.
48
Q

What is the specificity of hormone:receptor binding?

A

It is the ability to distinguish between similar substances

49
Q

What is the affinity of hormone:receptor binding?

A

It is measured as Kd which is defined as the ligand concentration that occupies 50% of binding sites

Physiology (81 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions