nutriped Flashcards
age of child where there is 3-fold increase in weight & 50% increase in length
1st year of life
term for intake of a nutrient deemed needed to meet the requirement for that nutrient by most healthy members of the pop’n
RDA
this includes RDA and recommendations of the FDA and Food and Nutrition Boards
Dietary Reference Intakes
amount of carbohydrates sufficient to prevent ketosis and hypoglycemia
5mg/kg/24hr
amino acids essential for low birthweight infants
cystine; arginine; taurine
released at the start of breastfeeding; watery; high lactose high protein
foremilk
released as feeding progresses until towards the end of feeding; creamy; high fat(5x mor)
hind milk
milk released in the first 8 days; watery; protein-rich; high in Ig & lactoferrin & lysozyme; Low fat and low carbs
colostrum
bioactive components in human milk
maternal sIgA; maternal white cells; lysozyme; milk lipids; oligosaccharides; lactoferrin
component of breastmilk that has anti-inflammatory; antibacterial; and anvtiviral activity
lactoferrin
major energy source in breastmilk; ~50% of total calories
fat
most abundant fatty acids in breastmilk
palmitic acid & oleic acid
essential fatty acid in breastmilk
linolenic acid&DHA(essential for rhodopsin); Linoleic acid; arachidonic acid
breastmilk compared to milk formula
BM has higher digestibility; better absorption; more membrane lipids; more LCPUFAs
a nitrogen containing carbohydrate that promotes colonization of the gut by lactobacillus bifidus that inhibits colonisation of bacteria
bifidus factor
functions in redox reactions; deficiency leads to hypochromic anemia; neutropenis; hypotonia and osteoporosis
Copper
oval or triangular spot of keratinized epithelium in the conjunctiva; seen in vitamin A deficiency
Bitot’s spot
earliest manifestation of Vit A deficiency
nyctalopia
disease of growing bone which occurs in children only before of the epiphysis
rickets
horizntal depression along the lower anterior chest due to pulling of the softened ribs by the diaphragm during inspiration in vit D deficiency
Harrison groove
valgus deformity of 1 leg with varus deformity of the other leg seen in vit D deficiency
Windswept deformity
Tx of rickets
Vit D 300000-600000 IU orally or IM as 2-4 doses over one day(Stross therapy)
RBC hemolysis in premature infants; loss of neural integrity; posterior column and cerebellar dysfxn; pigmentary neuropathy
Vitamin E
deficieny leads to hemorrhagic disease of the NB
Vitamin K
vitamin K fxns
prothrombin formation; coagulation factors 279X
3 D’s of niacin deficiency
pellagra(dermatitis; diarrhea; dementia)
contraindications to breastfeeding
galactosemia; mothers with septicemia;active TB;breast cancer;malaria;substance abuse; severe neurosis or psychosis
viruses demonstrated in breastmilk
CMV; Rubella; hep B; HTLV1; HSV
Reflexes present at birth
rooting reflex; sucking reflex; swallowing reflex
hormone that stimulates milk secretion by breast alveoli
prolactin
hormone that stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli
oxytocin
should milk be refreeze?d?
NO
up to how many hours can frozen milk that has been thawed be kept in the fridge
24hrs
when to start weaning
begin at 6mos; avoid allergenic foods; introduce food one at a time; give iron-containing food; encourage zinc intake
introduced as additional foods; includes milk formula
complimentary food
additional foods aside from milk formula
replacement foods
why are new foods spaced 3-4days in introducing food to infants
to detect adverse reactions
infantile atrophy/inanition; loss of skin turgor; wrinkled loose skin; disappearance of subcutaneous fat
marasmus
treatment of marasmus
normalize diet based on IBW
protein-calorie malnutrition; principal symptoms are due to insufficient intake of protein of good biologic value
kwashiorkor
term for streaky red or gray hair in dark-haired children seen in kwashiorkor
hypochromtrichia
most characteristic change in kwashiorkor
decreased serum albumin
management of kwashiorkor
appropriate antibiotics for bacterial infxns; correct dehydration; oral or NG feeding with small; frequent feeds of dilute milk
describes children less than 3 years of age who grow at less than 5th percentile in the growth chart; have growth patterns that cross two major percentiles on the growth chart within 6 months; have growth velocity less than normal for age
failure to thrive
formula to calculate caloric needs
((120kcal/kg) x (ideal wt for ht in kg))/actual wt in kg
first predictors of obesity
high BW; overweight children; parental obesity
leading cause of pediatric hypertension
obesity
hypertension; glucose intolerance; hypertriglyceridemia; low HDL; abdominal central obesity
metabolic syndrome
rare complication of extereme exogenous obesity in w/c patients have severe cardiorespiratory distress and alveolar hypoventilation & a decrease in pulmonary; tidal; and expiratory reserve volumes
Pickwikian syndrome
Polycythemia; hypoxemia; cyanosis; cardiac enlargement; CHF; somnolence
Pickwikian syndrome
Aim in the treatment of obesity
halt weight not weight loss (weight maintenance)
