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GI Final Exam > Nutriotional Biochemistry/Vitamins from First Aid > Flashcards

Nutriotional Biochemistry/Vitamins from First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

what symptoms do B-complex deficiencies often result in?

A

dermatitis, glossitis, diarrhea

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2
Q

vitamin A (retinol): functions (4)

A
  1. antioxidant
  2. constituent of visual pigments (retinal)
  3. differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells, mucin-secreting cells)
  4. prevents squamous metaplasia
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3
Q

vitamin A: deficiency (4)

A
  1. night blindness
  2. dry, scaly skin
  3. corneal degeneration
  4. immunosuppression
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4
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine): function (4)

A

TPP is a cofactor for several dehydrogenases:

  1. pyruvate DH (links glycolysis with TCA cycle)
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate DH (TCA cycle)
  3. transketolase (HMP shunt)
  4. branched-chain ketoacid DH
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5
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine): deficiency

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: mental confusion
dry beriberi: polyneuropathy
wet beriberi: dilated cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

who typically has vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?

A

alcoholics and malnourished patients

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7
Q

dry beriberi: what is deficient, symptoms

A

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency; polyneuritis

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8
Q

wet beriberi: what is deficient, symptoms

A

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency; dilated cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

vitamin B2 (riboflavin): function

A

component of FAD and FMN, used as cofactors in redox reactions (e.g., succinate DH reaction in TCA cycle)

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10
Q

vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency symptoms

A

2 C’s of B2: cheilosis, corneal revascularization

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11
Q

vitamin B3 (niacin): function

A

constituent of NAD+, NADP+ (used in redox reactions)

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12
Q

where is vitamin B3 (niacin) derived from?

A

tryptophan

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13
Q

pellagra: what is deficient; symptoms (3)

A

3D’s of B3 (niacin) deficiency:

  1. Diarrhea
  2. Dementia
  3. Dermatitis
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14
Q

vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): function (2)

A

essential component of coenzyme A (CoA, a cofactor for acetyl transfers) and fatty acid synthase

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15
Q

vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency symptoms (4)

A
  1. dermatitis
  2. enteritis
  3. alopecia
  4. adrenal insufficiency
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16
Q

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): functions (3)

A
  1. converted to PLP, a cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase
  2. synthesis of heme, niacin, histamine
  3. synthesis of neurotransmitters (serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA)
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17
Q

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency symptoms (3)

A
  1. convulsions
  2. peripheral neuropathy
  3. sideroblastic anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess
18
Q

vitamin B7 (biotin): function

A

cofactor for carboxylation enzymes

19
Q

vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency symptoms (3)

A

dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis

20
Q

vitamin B9 (folate): function

A
  1. converted to THF, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
  2. important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
21
Q

vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency symptoms (2)

A
  1. macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia (hypersegmented neutrophils)
  2. fetal neural tube defects
22
Q

vitamin B12 (cobalamin): function

A

cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; DNA and myelin synthesis

23
Q

vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency: causes (4)

A
  1. insufficient intake (i.e., veganism)
  2. malabsorption (e.g., sprue, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum)
  3. lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass surgery)
  4. absence of terminal ileum
24
Q

vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency symptoms (2)

A
  1. macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia (hypersegmented neutrophils)
  2. paresthesias and subacute combined degeneration due to abnormal myelin
25
Q

vitamin C: function (4)

A
  1. antioxidant
  2. facilitates iron absorption by reducing it to Fe2+ state
  3. hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
  4. dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine
26
Q

vitamin C: deficiency (2)

A
  1. scurvy: swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, “corkscrew” hair
  2. weakened immune response
27
Q

list the 4 types of vitamin D

A

D2: ergocalciferol, ingested from plants
D3: cholecalciferol, consumed in milk, formed in sun-exposed skin
25-OH D3: storage form
1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol): active form

28
Q

vitamin D: function

A

increase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate –> increase bone mineralization

29
Q

vitamin D: deficiency in children vs. adults

A

rickets in children (bone pain and deformity), osteomalacia in adults (bone pain and muscle weakness)

30
Q

vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency symptoms (2)

A

glossitis, pellagra

31
Q

vitamin E (tocopherol): function

A

antioxidant (protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage)

32
Q

vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency symptoms (3)

A

hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, demyelination

33
Q

vitamin K (phylloquinone): function

A

cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins required for blood-clotting; synthesized by intestinal flora

34
Q

vitamin K deficiency: symptom

35
Q

vitamins that are substrate carriers

A

thiamine, pantathenic acid

36
Q

vitamins that are electron transfer molecules

A

riboflavin, niacin

37
Q

vitamins that are substrate binding

A

biotin, pyridoxine

38
Q

vitamins that are hematopoietic

A

folate, B12

39
Q

vitamins involved in posttranslational modification

A

vitamin K and C

40
Q

antioxidant vitamins

A

vitamin C, E, and carotene (provitamin A)

41
Q

zinc: function (2)

A

wound healing, component of hundreds of enzymes

GI Final Exam (17 decks)

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