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Nutrition > Nutrients of practical value > Flashcards

Nutrients of practical value Flashcards

1
Q

Is sampling an important variable in feed analysis

A

Yes

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2
Q

Most common methodology to assess feed nutrients

A

Proximate analysis (wet lab analysis)

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3
Q

Proximate analysis is an estimation of

A

Feed components, not necessarily nutrients

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4
Q

Feed is made up of _________ & ____________ (1st division)

A

Moisture & Dry Matter

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5
Q

Dry matter is made up of ________ & _________

A

Inorganic material & organic material

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6
Q

Feed inorganic material

A

Called Ash, made up of minerals

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7
Q

Organic material of feed is made up of ___________& __________

A

Protein & non-nitrogenous residue

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8
Q

Protein is also called

A

Crude protein (CP)

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9
Q

Non-nitrogenous residue is made up of _______ & __________

A

Ether Extract & Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Ether extract is

A

Fat

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11
Q

Carbohydrates of feed are made up of _____ & ______

A

Nitrogen Free Extract & Crude Fiber

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12
Q

Crude Fiber is made up of ______ & _______

A

Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) & Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF)

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13
Q

What is Nitrogen-Free Extract

A

Soluble carbohydrates (like starch, etc)

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14
Q

All components of proximate analysis are determined analytically except

A

NFE, which is determined mathematically

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15
Q

How to determine DM of a feed

A

Moisture content = loss in weight that results from drying a known weight of feed (wet weight) from an amount of time at 55 or 105 °C , then measuring the weight after drying (dry weight)

Moisture content = dry weight / wet weight x 100%

  • make sure u don’t include container weight in ur calculations
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16
Q

_________ is the most important part of a feed / ingredient as it contains all the nutrients

A

DM

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17
Q

Determining DM or moisture content in a feed is critical for

A

Formulating animal diets

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18
Q

Water dilutes _____ & ______ in feed

A

Energy & nutrients

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19
Q

Moisture content modifies

A

Feed intake and performance

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20
Q

Increased water in feed means

A

Increased weight which means increased transport costs

21
Q

Procedure of water and DM determination for samples that contain large amounts of volatile substances (eg VFAs & essential oils)

A

Dry at low temperature (55 °C) or freeze dry

22
Q

What has high VFA

A

Silage

23
Q

On a DM basis, do nutrients increase or decrease

A

Increase, as water is no longer diluting them

24
Q

Crude protein measures the amount of ________ in feed

A

Nitrogen

25
Q

How to determine CP of a feed

A

Kjeldahl method or Dumas Technqiue

26
Q

On average, protein in feed contains around _______% Nitrogen

A

16% N

27
Q

100% (total protein) / 16% (Nitrogen) =

A

6.25 - a constant that is used for CP calculations

28
Q

CP% =

A

Total NItrogen (Kjeldahl) x 6.25

29
Q

Limitation of CP calculations

A

CP% includes true protein and non-protein nitrogen (free amino acids, amides, nitrates, nitrites, nucleic acids, UREA)

Urea = 46% N so CP would be 288% - however, it was my impression that we just don’t care? If someone got another impression pls let me know

30
Q

EE made up of

A

Lipids, organic acids, alcohol, pigments, fat-soluble vitamins, and carotenoids but also plant waxes, essential oils, resins

31
Q

How to find EE

A

Dried and ground feed sample continuous extraction (4h, 40-60°C) in a solvent (petroleum or diethyl-ether) & then you evaporate the solvent, and reside is EE

32
Q

EE is often referred to as

A

Crude Fat

33
Q

EE% =

A

EE residue weight / sample weight x 100%

34
Q

More sensitive EE methodologies

A

Gas chromatography & HPLC

35
Q

Crude Fibre - how to figure out the old fashioned way (sorry about this one it sucks)

A

Sample (A) of defatted EE residue is sequentially boiled in weak acid (H2SO4) and alkali (NaOH) solutions to stimulate digestion. Residue is washed (Hal & ether), filtered, dried and weighed (B).
B is burned in a furnace at 550°C and resulting ash weighed (C)

CF% = (B - C)/ A x 100%

36
Q

Is finding CF tedious and not highly repeatable

A

Yes

37
Q

What was the old CF system replaced with

A

The detergent Fiber system

38
Q

How does the detergent Fiber system work

A

Digest feed with neutral detergent - breaks feed into cell contents and residue (hemicellulose, cellulose, & lignin) - NDF

Digest NDF with acid detergent - hemicellulose filtered out and left with cellulose & lignin - ADF

Digest ADF with 72% sulfuric acid - cellulose filtered out and lignin is left

39
Q

High ADF means the diet is

A

Highly indigestible

40
Q

What is Ash

A

Inorganic material in the feed (minerals)

41
Q

Ash is determined by

A

Ignition of a known weight of feed at 550°C until all organic material has burned away (5-6 hours)

42
Q

Dm - Ash =

A

Organic matter (OM)

43
Q

Newer, more sensitive methodologies for Ash %

A

Spectroscopy - can give individual mineral components

44
Q

Nitrogen Free extract

A

Elements without nitrogen and non extract either - everything left - supposedly represents more digestible CHO

45
Q

How to calculate NFE

A

% NFE = 100 - (% EE + % CF + %CP + % Ash)

46
Q

What is alternative feed analysis

A

Near infrared Sceptropscopy (NIRS) or Chromatograpy

47
Q

What is NIRS

A

Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy which does rapid and non-destructive analysis of feeds and mixed diets
Detects reflection of near-IR light (absorption and reflection) of OH/CH/NH groups (proteins, lipids, fibre, moisture, minerals)

48
Q

REVIEW DM to AS FED AND AS FED TO DM

A

Ok

49
Q

REVIEW ASSIGNMENT FOR CALCULATION EXAMPLES!

A

YES

Nutrition (10 decks)

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