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Nutrition > Introduction, properties and functions of nutrients > Flashcards

Introduction, properties and functions of nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrition

A

science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food that influence the maintenance, growth, development, reproduction and health of animals

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2
Q

what does nutrition include

A
  1. food/feed intake (+ feeding behavior)
  2. digestion, absorption, assimilation, metabolism of nutrients
  3. excretion of metabolites
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3
Q

define nutrient

A

compounds in food essential for life and health

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4
Q

function of nutrients

A
  • provide energy for physiological processes
  • building blocks for repair and growth
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5
Q

what are the origins of most nutrients

A

plant origin (can be direct or indirect)

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6
Q

what is the importance of animal nutrition

A

most animal feed is unsuitable for human consumption
- pastures: areas not adequate for agriculture
- recycling: distillers grains, corn screenings
transformation to high quality food (suitable for humans)

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7
Q

3 steps of nutrient transformation

A
  1. food intake
  2. digestion, absorption, assimilation and metabolism of nutrients
  3. excretion of metabolites
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8
Q

metabolism

A

comprises all chemical reactions in living organisms to generate energy, building blocks and elimination of waste at a cellular level

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9
Q

catabolism

A

degradation/ breakdown compounds/ nutrients = energy/ building blocks

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10
Q

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic reactions (release energy, including heat)

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11
Q

define anabolism

A

constructs molecules from smaller units

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12
Q

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

endergonic

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13
Q

does anabolism use ATP

A

yes, endergonic reactions use energy/ATP

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14
Q

what does anabolism do

A

builds tissues = growth

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15
Q

what is anabolism powered by

A

catabolism

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16
Q

what contributes to diet formulation in practice

A

animal requirement for nutrients, proxies and feed composition (feed analysis)

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17
Q

what do nutritional requirements depend on

A

each individual animal’s specific and unique genome, its environment and its stage in life

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18
Q

how much of the diet is allotted for energy

A

80% - is a major nutritional need

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19
Q

how much of the diet is allotted for protein

A

<20%

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20
Q

how are nutritional requirements determined

A

under controlled environment/ ideal conditions

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21
Q

examples of how nutritional requirements can be determined under controlled environment/ ideal conditions

A

resp/ calorimetry chambers

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22
Q

what are some factors that can cause variability in nutritional requirements

A

variability due to stress, genetics, breeds, individual uses (ex. residual intake, methane production)

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23
Q

what is precision livestock nutrition/feeding (precision farming)

A

precisely match nutrient supply to requirements to prevent over or under supply

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24
Q

what are 2 methods of applied nutrition

A
  • box/pearson square method
  • linear programming
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25
Q

describe the box/ pearson square method

A

2 ingredient mixtures or single nutrient balance (TDN, CP, ME, vit, min)

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26
Q

describe how linear programming can be used in applied nutrition

A

multiple nutrients simultaneously for least cost formulation (most common) or mathematical modelling

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27
Q

what is it called when nutrient requirements exceed nutrient intake

A

deficiency

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28
Q

what is it called when nutrient intake exceeds the nutrient requirements

A

toxicity

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29
Q

what are some factors related to the animal that contribute to nutritional balance

A

species, sex, age, physiological status/ stage, breed, health

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30
Q

what are some factors related to the environment that contribute to nutritional balance

A

temperature (TH index), feed quality and availability, water, shade, management practices

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31
Q

what are some health problems that contribute to nutritional imbalances

A

obesity, type II diabetes, deficiencies

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32
Q

what environmental impacts (pollution) can contribute to nutritional imbalance

A

excess nitrogen

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33
Q

what is the highest cost in animal production

A

feed

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34
Q

what is the most common nutritional disorder in dogs, cats and horses

A

obesity

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35
Q

what can cause feed toxicities

A

environmental contaminants, bacterial contaminants, fungal contaminants, mycotoxins, plant toxins, weed seeds, animal toxins, undeclared additives

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36
Q

what are the most common nutritional problems

A

mineral and vitamin deficiencies

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37
Q

what are the digestive processes of the gastrointestinal tract

A

ingestion, propulsion, digestion (mostly small intestine, can be mechanical or chemical), absorption, excretion

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38
Q

where does most nutrient absorption take place

A

microvilli in small intestine

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39
Q

where does most water and electrolyte absorption take place

A

large intestine

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40
Q

where do absorbed nutrients go

A

circulation then liver

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41
Q

name the animals that are monograstric

A

dogs, cats, pigs, humans

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42
Q

which animals are ruminants

A

cattle, sheep, goats, camelids (kinda)

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43
Q

which animal is a pseudorum

A

camelids

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44
Q

name 2 hindgut fermenters

A

rabbits, horse

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45
Q

name some animals that have avian digestive system

A

chicken, turkey, duck

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46
Q

what is considered the foregut in monogastrics

A

salivary glands, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and liver

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47
Q

what is the role of the foregut in monogastric species

A

ingestion, mastication, digestion

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48
Q

what is included in the midgut of monogastric species

A

small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, illeum) and pancreas

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49
Q

what is the function of the midgut in monogastric species

A

digestion and absorbtion

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50
Q

what is considered the hindgut in monogastric species

A

colon, cecum, anus

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51
Q

what is the function of the hindgut in monogastric species

A

reabsorption, storage, excretion

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52
Q

dogs and cats are what kind of monogastric animals

A

monogastric carnivores with limited post-gastric fermentation

53
Q

describe mastication in dogs and cats

A

large canines and incisors for tearing/ shearing in vertical plane but little/ no chewing activity

54
Q

what kind of stomach do dogs and cats have

A

simple stomach, not capable of digesting high fibre diets (forage; plants)

55
Q

describe the intestinal tract in dogs and cats

A

short compared to other species

56
Q

where does most absorption take place

A

jejunum

57
Q

what foods do dogs and cats have limited ability in digesting

A

grains and fruits

58
Q

pigs are what kind of monogatric animal

A

monogastric omnivore

59
Q

what kind of stomach do pigs have

A

simple stomach

60
Q

can pigs utilize fibre, why?

A

Yes in moderate amounds because it can be fermented in their cecum and colon

61
Q

what is special about the cecum and colon in pigs

A

have sacculations/ haustra: longitudinal muscle bands for prolonged digesta retention

62
Q

what are the functions of the avian foregut

A

ingestion, storage, digestion, maceration

63
Q

what are the components of the avian foregut

A

salivary glands, pharynx, beak, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, liver

64
Q

what are the functions of the avian midgut

A

digestion and absorption

65
Q

what are the components of the avian midgut

A

liver, small intestine

66
Q

what are the functions of the avian hindgut

A

reabsorption, storage, excretion

67
Q

what are the components of the avian hindgut

A

cecum, colon, cloaca

68
Q

what is the avian digestive system classified as

A

modified monogastric

69
Q

what replaces the lips and teeth in a bird

A

beak - no chewing

70
Q

function of the crop

A

stores and softens feed prior to entering stomach

71
Q

does the crop aid in digestion

A

no (negligibly)

72
Q

the crop is an enlarged area of the ___

A

esophagus

73
Q

the proventriculus is a ______ part of the ______

A

…is a glandular part of the stomach

74
Q

function of the proventriculus

A

secretes digestive juices (may store food in carnivore avian species)

75
Q

the gizzard is a _____ part of the ______

A

… muscular part of the stomach

76
Q

function of the gizzard

A

grinding and mixing food

77
Q

function of the koilin membrane in the gizzard

A

creates an abrasive surface

78
Q

2 things inside the gizzard to help with the grinding and mixing of food

A

grit (small stones) and koilin membrane

79
Q

function of the branched cecum in birds

A

some post-gastric fermentation

80
Q

function of the cloaca

A

receives fecal and urinary waste

81
Q

which tracts is the cloaca the common opening for

A

common chamber for opening of GI, urinary and reproductive tracts

82
Q

do avian species create uric acid or urea

A

uric acid (insoluble)

83
Q

What are the components of the ruminant foregut

A

salivary glands, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, liver

84
Q

what is the function of the ruminant foregut?

A

ingestion, mastication, fermentation, digestion

85
Q

what are the components of the ruminant midgut

A

duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, illeum

86
Q

what are the functions of the ruminant midgut

A

digestion and absorption

87
Q

what are the functions of the ruminant hindgut

A

resorption, storage, excretion

88
Q

3 examples of ruminants

A

cattle, sheep, goats

89
Q

what is fermentation pre or post gastric in ruminants

A

pregastric

90
Q

what is different about the mastication in ruminants

A

have specialized premolars and molars (upper dental pad in cattle) for shearing and grinding

91
Q

how many times do cows chew their cuds a day

A

~50,000 times

92
Q

what is the importance of rumination

A

break down forage into small particles, stimulate salivation and rumen contractions

93
Q

what is the reticulo-rumen

A

large anaerobic fermentation chamber (micro-org)

94
Q

what compounds are contained within the reticulo-rumen

A

volatile fatty acids (VFA) (acetate, propionate, butyrate) + CO2 and CH4 (belching/eructation)

95
Q

what is the omasum lined with

A

folds (leaves)

96
Q

what is the function of the omasum

A

VFA/H2O absorption, small feed particles

97
Q

what is the abomasum also known as

A

true glandular stomach

98
Q

what is the function of the abomasum

A

secretes HCL and enzymes (lysozymes) to aid nutrient breakdown (plot)

99
Q

is there alot of fermentation taking place in the cecum and colon of ruminants

A

no, limited

100
Q

true/false: ruminants begin life as monogastric

A

true! calves feed on milk (reticular/ oesophageal groove)

101
Q

what kind of ruminant are camelids

A

pseudo-ruminants

102
Q

what do pseudo ruminants do better than regular ruminants

A

ability to extract nutrients and water from feedstuffs better

103
Q

what kind of environments do pseudo-ruminants typically live?

A

survive in harsh, dry, nutrient poor enviro

104
Q

how many compartments do pseudo-ruminants have for feeding and processing

A

3 (C1-3)

105
Q

describe C1 in pseudo-ruminants

A

largest portion (cranial and caudal sac)

106
Q

describe C2 in pseudo-ruminants

A

smallest portion, glandular cells, similar function to glandular saccules

107
Q

describe C3 in pseudo-ruminants

A

tubular structure, highly absorptive

108
Q

describe the cranial vs caudal portions of C3 in pseudo ruminants

A

cranial 80%: folds with glandular epithelium (sim. to gland saccules) +
terminal 20%: gastric glands releasing HCL and proteases

109
Q

what is considered the true stomach in psedo-ruminants

A

the caudal 20% of C3

110
Q

which compartments of fermentation are responsible for rhythmic contractions with eructation (belching) and regurgitation

A

C1 and C2

111
Q

which components of the GI are considered the foregut in hindgut fermenters

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, salivary glands

112
Q

what are the functions of the foregut in hindgut fermenters

A

ingestion, mastication, digestion

113
Q

components of the midgut in hindgut fermenters

A

duodenum, jejunum, illeum, pancreas

114
Q

function of the midgut in hindgut fermenters

A

digestion, absorption

115
Q

functions of the hindgut in hindgut fermenters

A

fermentation, reabsorption, storage, excretion

116
Q

components of the hindgut in hindgut fermenters

A

cecum, colon, anus

117
Q

what kind of monogastric herbivores are equids and rabbits

A

monogastric herbivores with extensive post-gastric fermentation

118
Q

describe the stomachs in hindgut fermenters

A

simple stomach incapable of utilization of forage based (high fibre) diets

119
Q

describe the cecum and colon in hindgut fermenters

A

voluminous-sacculated (haustra)

120
Q

describe the function of the cecum and colon in hindgut fermenters

A

extensive fibre fermentation - VFA absorption

121
Q

is the cecum and colon of hindgut fermenters good at absorbing microbial protein

A

no

122
Q

T/F: hidngut fermentation is less efficient than in ruminants

A

true

123
Q

do horses possess a gall bladder

A

no, associated to meal frequency (many small meals

124
Q

what species is the margo plicatus present in

A

horse

125
Q

where is the margo plicatus located

A

between the non-glandular and glandular stomach

126
Q

how is feces separated in rabbits

A

peristaltic contractions separate fiber via size and density into two faeces

127
Q

describe the components of hard faeces of rabits

A

indigestible fiber

128
Q

what are cecotropes

A

soft faeces: re-injested adn re-digested (bacterial prot and vitamins from caecum)

129
Q

what does the presence of soft faces indicate

A

disease, stress or nutritional issue

Nutrition (10 decks)

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