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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the top 7 macrominerals of nutritional importance?

A
  1. Ca
  2. P
  3. K
  4. Mg
  5. Na
  6. Cl
  7. S
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2
Q

what are the top 8 microminerals of importance?

A
  1. Fe
  2. Zn
  3. Cu
  4. Mo
  5. Se
  6. I
  7. Mn
  8. Co
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3
Q

T/F: macrominerals are more important than microminerals

A

False

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4
Q

how many essential minerals are there?

A

30

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5
Q

what defines a macromineral vs a micromineral?

A

macro = higher than 0.01% of the diet

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6
Q

what are more bioavailable: organic or inorganic mineral

A

organic

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7
Q

what are organic examples?

A

amino acid complexes, proteinates, chelates, polysaccharide complexes, proprionates

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8
Q

what are inorganic examples?

A

inorganic salts - combination of minerals: CaCO3, NaCL

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9
Q

essential minerals have one or more ____ function in the cell, often as enzyme cofactors

A

essential minerals have one or more CATALYTIC function in the cell, often as enzyme cofactors

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10
Q

what are some functions of essential minerals?

A

gene expression and regulation (Zn), enzymes

Osmotic balance and membrane function (Na, K, Cl)

ATP production (fe+Cu)

electrochemical or physiological function

Acid-base balance

Structural roles, like in bones and teeth

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11
Q

some minerals are bound to ____ while others are found as _____ in chelated form (organic + metal)

A

some minerals are bound to ENZYMES while others are found as PROSTHETIC GROUPS in chelated form (organic + metal)

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12
Q

in a mineral wheel, arrows aimed at eachother represent _____ relationships, while arrows pointing away from each other represent _____ relationships

A

in a mineral wheel, arrows aimed at each other represent SYNGERGISTIC relationships, while arrows pointing away from each other represent ANTAGONISTIC/MUTUAL INTERFERENCE relationships

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13
Q

What is primary deficiency?

A

insufficient intake or absent in diet

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14
Q

what is secondary deficiency?

A

sufficient mineral intake, but a second mineral has been consumed in excess, reducing the availability of the first

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15
Q

what is an example of secondary deficiency?

A

Ca and P have mutual interference with most other minerals

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16
Q

how are macrominerals regulated?

A

through homeostasis (hormone regulated)h

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17
Q

how are microminerals regulated?

A

through regulation of pools (storage, transport, biochemical function pools)

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18
Q

what are the three pools of mineral metabolism?

A

Storage pool
Transport pool
Biochemical (function) pool

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19
Q

What happens to the pools in a mineral deficiency?

A

Transport and biochem (functional) decrease, then storage pushes out more minerals into the circulation, leading to slight increase in the transport and biochem pools. This can cause physiological/ subclinical symptoms (problems with immunity, growth, repro, etc). After this reaches a threshold in all three pools, you start seeing extreme acute symptoms.

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20
Q

what happens to the pools in mineral excess?

A

With mineral excess, it first goes into transport, which increases the storage. Once it is exceeding the capacity of the storage and transport, it starts to go into the functional pool, which is when you will start to see clinical signs

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21
Q

what is the most abundant macromineral in the body?

A

Ca

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22
Q

99% of Ca is stored in the skeleton as:

A

hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH))

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23
Q

1% of Ca is found in the plasma as:

A

a free ion that is bound to proteins or acids, like in citrate or phosphate

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24
Q

name a few functions of calcium

A
  • structural skeletal support
  • muscle contraction
    -nerve impulses transmission
  • blood coagulation
    -milk production
  • fetal growth
  • egg shell
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25
Q

what are some GOOD sources of Ca?

A
  • milk
    -legumes (alfalfa)
  • animal biproducts
  • ground limestone
  • steamed boneflour
  • dicalcium phospate
  • rock calcium phosphate
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26
Q

what are some POOR sources of Ca?

A
  • cereal
  • roots
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27
Q

what reduces the absorption of ca in monogastric animals?

A

high levels of fat in the diet

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28
Q

Ca homeostasis: describe what happens when there is a drop in Ca in the blood

A

low blood Ca > PTH release > resorption from bone > reduced Ca lost from urine > activate of Vit D > Vit D increases intestinal aborption > net raise of Ca in blood

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29
Q

Ca homeostasis: what happens when there is a raise in blood Ca?

A

High blood Ca > Calcitonin release > reabsorption from bone > lose Ca to urine > net decrease in blood Ca

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30
Q

what is the main cause of osteodystrophy?

A

a dietary deficiency or disturbance in Ca, P, and Vit D or a disturbance in the Ca:P ratio

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31
Q

what is the normal Ca:P ratio in small animals

A

1:1

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32
Q

what is the normal Ca:P ratio in livestock

A

2:1

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33
Q

how does primary Ca deficiency present in young animals

A

decreased growth rate and dental development. RICKETS (no mineralization despite there being a organic matrix)

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34
Q

how does primary Ca deficiency present in adult animals

A

inappetence, stiffness, fractures, difficulty standing, difficult parturition, reduced milk flow, loss in BCS, reduced fertility, OSTEOMALACIA, and OSTEOPOROSIS

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35
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

Ca deficient diet, leading to bones becoming soft, deformed, weak, and easily broken. this is a symptom, not a disease

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36
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

excess loss of ca and bone organic matrix.

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37
Q

What are some examples of secondary Ca deficiency?

A

rickets caused by P excess

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (caused by increased bone resorption)

big head in horses

twisted snout in pigs

rubber jaw

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38
Q

What is milk fever in cows?

A

AKA parturient paresis, this is a calcium deficiency disorder that happens when the Ca mobilization from bone to serum is insufficient to replace the amount of Ca lost due to lactation

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39
Q

describe stage one of milk fever

A

animal can walk but are hypersensitive and excitable

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40
Q

describe stage 2 of milk fever

A

cows are unable to stand (tetany) but can maintain sternal recumbency

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41
Q

describe stage three of milk feverq

A

coma, can’t maintain sternal recumbency, death occurs in hours

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42
Q

how do you treat milk fever

A

increase blood Ca via IV

give a low Ca diet 14 d prepartum to stimulate the PTH system to work properly

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43
Q

what are four causes of Ca toxicity

A

iatrogenic

enzootic calcinosis from ingesting plants containing calcitriol

Urinary calculi

Interference with absorption of other minerals like Zn

44
Q

80-85% of P in the body is found as _____ while the rest is in ____

A

80-85% of P in the body is found as hydroxyapatite while the rest is in tissues

45
Q

what are some functions of phosphorus

A

skeletal component

phospholipids

Energy metabolism (ATP and ADP)

component of RNA and DNA

component of enzymes

46
Q

absorption of P is directly related to:

A

dietary P concentration

47
Q

excess dietary P depresses ___ absorption

A

Ca (remember the 2:1 / 1:1 ratio)

48
Q

P in plants is in the form of phytic acid. Is this bioavailable to all types of animals?

A

no, not easily accessed by non-ruminants

49
Q

excretion of P happens through the:

A

urine

50
Q

What is a poor source of phosphorus?

A

hays and straws

51
Q

what are some good sources of P?

A

milk, cereal, products with bone

52
Q

what is a P deficiency usually associated with

A

an unbalanced Ca:P ratio

53
Q

Grazing cattle are susceptible to deficiencies of __ in tropical regions

A

phosphorus

54
Q

how does P deficiency present in adult animals

A

Pica, impaired fertility, osteomalacia, weightloss, etc

55
Q

what is Pica

A

when an animal is depraved in their appetite and they chew on things that have no nutritional value

56
Q

How does P toxicity present

A

diarrhea, secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone Ca mobilization

57
Q

why does castration increase the risk of P toxicity in rams and bulls

A

excess P with Mg can cause urolithiasis, leading to blockage of urine flow (honestly I dont get it either)

I did some research and castrating early increases the risk of urolithiasis due to the urethra not having a chance to widen. So excess P and Mg can cause crystal formation in urine, which can block the narrow urethra in bulls that were castrated early and urine builds up and can rupture bladder and also lead to toxin build-up. Hope this helps! :) -Em

58
Q

what is the third most important macromineral

A

Mg

59
Q

where is Mg found

A

50-60% bone, rest in soft tissues like liver and skeletal muscle

60
Q

___% of Mg in diet is absorbed, mostly in the ileum

A

55-60%

61
Q

What are some functions of Mg?

A

-skeletal development, energy production, synthesis of DNA and RNA, enzymes, neuromuscular activity (nerve depolarization, etc)

62
Q

What macromineral is required for Ca absorption and vit D activation

A

Mg

63
Q

What is hypomagnesemia in cattle>

A

a Mg deficiency that presents as tetany, nervousness, tremors, staggering, etc. most often seen in lactating animals on LUSH PASTURE

64
Q

what type of animal is most at risk for hypomagnesemia

A

lactating animals on lush pasture, due to the high P in soil, which is antagonistic to Mg uptake

65
Q

What are the three electrolytes?

A

Na, K, Cl

66
Q

what are the functions of the electrolytes?

A

acid-base balance, signal transduction, nerve transmission, osmotic pressure

67
Q

What two things require K?

A

CHO metabolism
protein synthesis

68
Q

what two things require Na

A

water reabsorption in kidney
intestinal carrier protein activation

69
Q

what thing requires Cl

A

creation of HCl in the stomach, which in turn activates digestive enzymes

70
Q

what two species is dietary electrolyte balance super important?

A

pigs and poultry

71
Q

is electrolyte deficiency common or rare?

A

rare

72
Q

how does K deficiency present

A

unsteady gait, muscle weakness, pica, emaciation, death

73
Q

how does Na deficiency present

A

dehydration, poor growth

74
Q

how does Cl deficiency present

A

alkalosis, due to excess bicarbonate

75
Q

How does K toxicity present

A

interference with Mg absorption and metabolism

76
Q

How does Na toxicity present

A

acute cerebral edema (causing neurological issues)

77
Q

what causes Na toxicity

A

water deprivation, high salinity water, etc. think about concentrations

78
Q

what are some functions of sulfur?

A

cartilage, bone, tendon synthesis

blood clotting

protein synthesis, CHO metabolism

79
Q

what is the main source of sulfur?

A

amino acids that contain S

80
Q

how does sulfur deficiency present?

A

typically from protein deficiency. reduced appetite, weight loss, hair loss, excessive lacrimation, profuse salivation, cloudy eyes, dullness

81
Q

how does sulfur toxicity present

A

excess dietary sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulphide, which is toxic to GI flora. thus rumen motility decreases and can cause neurologic and respiratory distress.

Additionally, high levels can interfere with Cu and Se absorption

82
Q

what is the major function of most microminerals

A

activation of enzyme systems

83
Q

what are the three most common mineral toxicities

A

Copper
Selenium
Molybdenum

84
Q

What is the main function of Fe

A

oxygen transport

85
Q

how does Fe deficiency present

A

anemia, decreased feed intake, weight gain

86
Q

how does Fe toxicity present

A

not common, but can cause oxidative stress and P/Cu deficiency

87
Q

Cu functions

A

hematopoeisis, bone matrix, electron transport/ATP production, pigmentation

88
Q

signs of Cu deficiency

A

ataxia/swayback in lambs

teart/peat scours in cattle

89
Q

signs of Cu toxicity

A

Cu in liver, anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, shock.

Haemoglobinuria may develop after 3 days

90
Q

functions of Se

A

component of glutathione peroxidase, iodine metabolism, immune function

91
Q

Se deficiency

A

myopathy, exudative diathesis, reproductive issues in adults, white muscle diesease in calves

92
Q

describe selenium toxicosis

A

2 forms - acute (iatrogenic) and chronic (from plants). Acute can cause sudden death from cardiogenic shock. Chronic presents as hair and hoof abnormalities

93
Q

Functions of iodine

A

component of T3/T4

94
Q

sources of I

A

iodised salt, marine foods

95
Q

I deficiency signs

A

goitres on thyroid, hypothyroidism

96
Q

parakeratosis is a sign of

A

zn deficiency

97
Q

functions of Zn

A

enzymes, CHO metabolism (insulin), keratin synthesis, etc

98
Q

Zn deficiency signs

A

growth retardation, epidermal problems, parakeratosis, impaired wound healing

99
Q

Role of Co

A

Vit B12 synthesis in ruminants

100
Q

signs of Co deficiency

A

emaciation,, poor appetite, anemia, reduced growth in ruminants

101
Q

signs of Co toxicity

A

extremely rare. He didnt even list any signs

102
Q

Long bone deformity is a sign of a ___ deficiency

A

Mn

103
Q

is Mo deficiency or toxicity more common?

A

toxicity

104
Q

consequence of Mo toxicity

A

inhibited Cu absorption, causing Cu deficiency

105
Q

Cr role

A

glucose tolerance, lipid synthesis

106
Q

why is Cr added to pig feed

A

to reduce fat deposition and increase lean muscle

Nutrition (10 decks)

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