Minerals Flashcards
what are the top 7 macrominerals of nutritional importance?
- Ca
- P
- K
- Mg
- Na
- Cl
- S
what are the top 8 microminerals of importance?
- Fe
- Zn
- Cu
- Mo
- Se
- I
- Mn
- Co
T/F: macrominerals are more important than microminerals
False
how many essential minerals are there?
30
what defines a macromineral vs a micromineral?
macro = higher than 0.01% of the diet
what are more bioavailable: organic or inorganic mineral
organic
what are organic examples?
amino acid complexes, proteinates, chelates, polysaccharide complexes, proprionates
what are inorganic examples?
inorganic salts - combination of minerals: CaCO3, NaCL
essential minerals have one or more ____ function in the cell, often as enzyme cofactors
essential minerals have one or more CATALYTIC function in the cell, often as enzyme cofactors
what are some functions of essential minerals?
gene expression and regulation (Zn), enzymes
Osmotic balance and membrane function (Na, K, Cl)
ATP production (fe+Cu)
electrochemical or physiological function
Acid-base balance
Structural roles, like in bones and teeth
some minerals are bound to ____ while others are found as _____ in chelated form (organic + metal)
some minerals are bound to ENZYMES while others are found as PROSTHETIC GROUPS in chelated form (organic + metal)
in a mineral wheel, arrows aimed at eachother represent _____ relationships, while arrows pointing away from each other represent _____ relationships
in a mineral wheel, arrows aimed at each other represent SYNGERGISTIC relationships, while arrows pointing away from each other represent ANTAGONISTIC/MUTUAL INTERFERENCE relationships
What is primary deficiency?
insufficient intake or absent in diet
what is secondary deficiency?
sufficient mineral intake, but a second mineral has been consumed in excess, reducing the availability of the first
what is an example of secondary deficiency?
Ca and P have mutual interference with most other minerals
how are macrominerals regulated?
through homeostasis (hormone regulated)h
how are microminerals regulated?
through regulation of pools (storage, transport, biochemical function pools)
what are the three pools of mineral metabolism?
Storage pool
Transport pool
Biochemical (function) pool
What happens to the pools in a mineral deficiency?
Transport and biochem (functional) decrease, then storage pushes out more minerals into the circulation, leading to slight increase in the transport and biochem pools. This can cause physiological/ subclinical symptoms (problems with immunity, growth, repro, etc). After this reaches a threshold in all three pools, you start seeing extreme acute symptoms.
what happens to the pools in mineral excess?
With mineral excess, it first goes into transport, which increases the storage. Once it is exceeding the capacity of the storage and transport, it starts to go into the functional pool, which is when you will start to see clinical signs
what is the most abundant macromineral in the body?
Ca
99% of Ca is stored in the skeleton as:
hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH))
1% of Ca is found in the plasma as:
a free ion that is bound to proteins or acids, like in citrate or phosphate
name a few functions of calcium
- structural skeletal support
- muscle contraction
-nerve impulses transmission - blood coagulation
-milk production - fetal growth
- egg shell
what are some GOOD sources of Ca?
- milk
-legumes (alfalfa) - animal biproducts
- ground limestone
- steamed boneflour
- dicalcium phospate
- rock calcium phosphate
what are some POOR sources of Ca?
- cereal
- roots
what reduces the absorption of ca in monogastric animals?
high levels of fat in the diet
Ca homeostasis: describe what happens when there is a drop in Ca in the blood
low blood Ca > PTH release > resorption from bone > reduced Ca lost from urine > activate of Vit D > Vit D increases intestinal aborption > net raise of Ca in blood
Ca homeostasis: what happens when there is a raise in blood Ca?
High blood Ca > Calcitonin release > reabsorption from bone > lose Ca to urine > net decrease in blood Ca
what is the main cause of osteodystrophy?
a dietary deficiency or disturbance in Ca, P, and Vit D or a disturbance in the Ca:P ratio
what is the normal Ca:P ratio in small animals
1:1
what is the normal Ca:P ratio in livestock
2:1
how does primary Ca deficiency present in young animals
decreased growth rate and dental development. RICKETS (no mineralization despite there being a organic matrix)
how does primary Ca deficiency present in adult animals
inappetence, stiffness, fractures, difficulty standing, difficult parturition, reduced milk flow, loss in BCS, reduced fertility, OSTEOMALACIA, and OSTEOPOROSIS
what is osteomalacia
Ca deficient diet, leading to bones becoming soft, deformed, weak, and easily broken. this is a symptom, not a disease
what is osteoporosis
excess loss of ca and bone organic matrix.
What are some examples of secondary Ca deficiency?
rickets caused by P excess
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (caused by increased bone resorption)
big head in horses
twisted snout in pigs
rubber jaw
What is milk fever in cows?
AKA parturient paresis, this is a calcium deficiency disorder that happens when the Ca mobilization from bone to serum is insufficient to replace the amount of Ca lost due to lactation
describe stage one of milk fever
animal can walk but are hypersensitive and excitable
describe stage 2 of milk fever
cows are unable to stand (tetany) but can maintain sternal recumbency
describe stage three of milk feverq
coma, can’t maintain sternal recumbency, death occurs in hours
how do you treat milk fever
increase blood Ca via IV
give a low Ca diet 14 d prepartum to stimulate the PTH system to work properly
what are four causes of Ca toxicity
iatrogenic
enzootic calcinosis from ingesting plants containing calcitriol
Urinary calculi
Interference with absorption of other minerals like Zn
80-85% of P in the body is found as _____ while the rest is in ____
80-85% of P in the body is found as hydroxyapatite while the rest is in tissues
what are some functions of phosphorus
skeletal component
phospholipids
Energy metabolism (ATP and ADP)
component of RNA and DNA
component of enzymes
absorption of P is directly related to:
dietary P concentration
excess dietary P depresses ___ absorption
Ca (remember the 2:1 / 1:1 ratio)
P in plants is in the form of phytic acid. Is this bioavailable to all types of animals?
no, not easily accessed by non-ruminants
excretion of P happens through the:
urine
What is a poor source of phosphorus?
hays and straws
what are some good sources of P?
milk, cereal, products with bone
what is a P deficiency usually associated with
an unbalanced Ca:P ratio
Grazing cattle are susceptible to deficiencies of __ in tropical regions
phosphorus
how does P deficiency present in adult animals
Pica, impaired fertility, osteomalacia, weightloss, etc
what is Pica
when an animal is depraved in their appetite and they chew on things that have no nutritional value
How does P toxicity present
diarrhea, secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone Ca mobilization
why does castration increase the risk of P toxicity in rams and bulls
excess P with Mg can cause urolithiasis, leading to blockage of urine flow (honestly I dont get it either)
I did some research and castrating early increases the risk of urolithiasis due to the urethra not having a chance to widen. So excess P and Mg can cause crystal formation in urine, which can block the narrow urethra in bulls that were castrated early and urine builds up and can rupture bladder and also lead to toxin build-up. Hope this helps! :) -Em
what is the third most important macromineral
Mg
where is Mg found
50-60% bone, rest in soft tissues like liver and skeletal muscle
___% of Mg in diet is absorbed, mostly in the ileum
55-60%
What are some functions of Mg?
-skeletal development, energy production, synthesis of DNA and RNA, enzymes, neuromuscular activity (nerve depolarization, etc)
What macromineral is required for Ca absorption and vit D activation
Mg
What is hypomagnesemia in cattle>
a Mg deficiency that presents as tetany, nervousness, tremors, staggering, etc. most often seen in lactating animals on LUSH PASTURE
what type of animal is most at risk for hypomagnesemia
lactating animals on lush pasture, due to the high P in soil, which is antagonistic to Mg uptake
What are the three electrolytes?
Na, K, Cl
what are the functions of the electrolytes?
acid-base balance, signal transduction, nerve transmission, osmotic pressure
What two things require K?
CHO metabolism
protein synthesis
what two things require Na
water reabsorption in kidney
intestinal carrier protein activation
what thing requires Cl
creation of HCl in the stomach, which in turn activates digestive enzymes
what two species is dietary electrolyte balance super important?
pigs and poultry
is electrolyte deficiency common or rare?
rare
how does K deficiency present
unsteady gait, muscle weakness, pica, emaciation, death
how does Na deficiency present
dehydration, poor growth
how does Cl deficiency present
alkalosis, due to excess bicarbonate
How does K toxicity present
interference with Mg absorption and metabolism
How does Na toxicity present
acute cerebral edema (causing neurological issues)
what causes Na toxicity
water deprivation, high salinity water, etc. think about concentrations
what are some functions of sulfur?
cartilage, bone, tendon synthesis
blood clotting
protein synthesis, CHO metabolism
what is the main source of sulfur?
amino acids that contain S
how does sulfur deficiency present?
typically from protein deficiency. reduced appetite, weight loss, hair loss, excessive lacrimation, profuse salivation, cloudy eyes, dullness
how does sulfur toxicity present
excess dietary sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulphide, which is toxic to GI flora. thus rumen motility decreases and can cause neurologic and respiratory distress.
Additionally, high levels can interfere with Cu and Se absorption
what is the major function of most microminerals
activation of enzyme systems
what are the three most common mineral toxicities
Copper
Selenium
Molybdenum
What is the main function of Fe
oxygen transport
how does Fe deficiency present
anemia, decreased feed intake, weight gain
how does Fe toxicity present
not common, but can cause oxidative stress and P/Cu deficiency
Cu functions
hematopoeisis, bone matrix, electron transport/ATP production, pigmentation
signs of Cu deficiency
ataxia/swayback in lambs
teart/peat scours in cattle
signs of Cu toxicity
Cu in liver, anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, shock.
Haemoglobinuria may develop after 3 days
functions of Se
component of glutathione peroxidase, iodine metabolism, immune function
Se deficiency
myopathy, exudative diathesis, reproductive issues in adults, white muscle diesease in calves
describe selenium toxicosis
2 forms - acute (iatrogenic) and chronic (from plants). Acute can cause sudden death from cardiogenic shock. Chronic presents as hair and hoof abnormalities
Functions of iodine
component of T3/T4
sources of I
iodised salt, marine foods
I deficiency signs
goitres on thyroid, hypothyroidism
parakeratosis is a sign of
zn deficiency
functions of Zn
enzymes, CHO metabolism (insulin), keratin synthesis, etc
Zn deficiency signs
growth retardation, epidermal problems, parakeratosis, impaired wound healing
Role of Co
Vit B12 synthesis in ruminants
signs of Co deficiency
emaciation,, poor appetite, anemia, reduced growth in ruminants
signs of Co toxicity
extremely rare. He didnt even list any signs
Long bone deformity is a sign of a ___ deficiency
Mn
is Mo deficiency or toxicity more common?
toxicity
consequence of Mo toxicity
inhibited Cu absorption, causing Cu deficiency
Cr role
glucose tolerance, lipid synthesis
why is Cr added to pig feed
to reduce fat deposition and increase lean muscle
