Nutrients and animal nutrition Flashcards
What are the two components within feed?
Water and Dry Matter
Name 6 essential nutrients
Water
Lipids
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Define nutrient:
Compound in food essential for life and health
Name 3 roles of water
Solvent for nutrients
All metabolic reactions require water
Transport of solutes
Waste elimination
Thermoregulation
Lubrication for mastication and swallowing
Shock absorber
Maintaining blood volume
What is the relationship of body water and age?
Water decreases with age
What is the relationship between body water and fat.
Inverse relationship
How many mols of CO2 and H2O are produced for every mol of glucose?
6 CO2 and 6 H20
Which nutrient is the main energy and storage source for the body?
Carbohydrates
What are the two classifications of carbohydrates?
Sugars
- Monosaccharides (simple comp)
- Oligosaccharides (≥2 comp)
Non-Sugar
- Polysaccharides (glycans)
- Complex carbohydrates
What is the naming convention for different monosaccharides? Give some examples if possible.
They are named according to the number of carbons they have)
3c - Triose (glyceraldehyde)
4c - Tetrose (erythrose)
5c - Pentoses (heicellulose, ribose)
6c - Hexose (glucose, galactose, fructorse, mannose)
What are the two most commonly occurring natural sugars?
Glucose and fructose
Which stereoisomer of glucose is more biologically important?
D-glucose
What is the difference between an alpha or beta glucose?
the alpha glucose has the C1 OH group on the opposite as C6
the beta glucose has the C1 OH group on the same side as C6
Animals can digest ____ glycosidic bonds but only microbes can break down the _____ glycosidic bonds
alpha-1,4
Beta-1,4
What is the name of the bond that joins multiple monosaccharides? What is released in this reaction?
Glycosidic bond releases water. Also this reaction is called esterification
What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide?
A monosaccharide is one molecule composed of a CH skeleton. A disaccharide is composed of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond. A polysaccharide is more than 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds.
What are the most common polysaccharides? (3)
Starch (plant), glycogen (animal), cellulose and hemicellulose (plant wall)
What are the most common disaccharides? (3)
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What is lignin?
A carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.
It is completely indigestible and the amount affects bioavailability of cellulose and hemicellulose for microbial use
What is pectin?
A soluble fibre with high ruminal digestibility
What is amylose?
A long unbranched chain of α-1,4-linked glucose found in starch
What class of carbohydrates are absorbed by the GIT? (mono,di,poly,all, etc).
Monosaccharides
What location in the GIT are carbohydrates mainly absorbed
Small intestine - duodenum and jejunum
What nutrient is the second most common source of energy?
Lipids
What are glycerides composed of?
Fatty acids attached to glycerol via ester linkages
What are some important functions of lipids?
Component of biological membranes
Electron carriers
Energy source and storage
Thermoregulation
Precursor for eicosanoid synthesis (e.g. prostaglandins and leukotrines)
What is ketosis and when does it occur?
Increased fatty acid oxidation resulting in an abnormal increase in ketone bodies. Happens in cases of hypoglycemia e.g. early lactation stage in dairy cows, Gx Ewes
In what states are true lipids present as in the body?
fatty acids (FA), free fatty acids (FFA or non-esterified = NEFA), or glycerides
What are the two naming schemes for fatty acids?
Delta - scheme starts with numbering at the carboxyl carbon
Omega - scheme starts with numbering at methyl carbon
Name the fatty acid that has 18 Carbons (18:0). (replace the final -e of the parent hydrocarbon by suffic –oic)
Parent hydrocarbon is octadecene
= Octadecenoic
Mammals cannot synthesize fatty acids with double bonds closer than C-__
C-9
What is another name for omega-3 fatty acid?
Alpha Linolenic acid (ALA)
What are the essential amino acids and what does this mean?
This means it’s essential that they receive them in their diet as they do not produce them. There are additional ones that vary with species
Ex.)
I’m “FIVR WITH MILK”
Phenylalanine (F)
Isoleucine (I)
Valine (V)
Arginine (R)
Tryptophan (W)
Isoleucine (I)
Threonine (T)
Histidine (H)
Methionine (M)
Isoleucine (I)
Leucine (L)
Lysine (K)
What is a conditionally essential amino acid?
A non-essential amino acid that becomes essential under certain patho/physiological conditions: (Ex. pregnancy, growth, trauma, recovery, stress)
What are 5 derived lipids?
Cholesterols
Bile acids
Vitamin D
Sex Hormones
Adrenal Hormones
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the main essential amino acid in chickens?
Glycine
In horses, diets are formulated for crude protein with some attention to ________?
Lysine
What are the three essential unsaturated fatty acids?
Linolenic acid
α-Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
What is problematic, a cis or trans fatty acid and why?
A trans fatty acid because its conformation can cause cardiovascular problems
A cis fatty acid is the normal state and therefore doesn’t cause any problems
Which are the most digestible out of these three? Glucose, fructose, galactose
Glucose and galactose are about the same digestibility. Fructose is the least digestible
Describe how monogastrics digest protein
First the stomach uses HCL and pepsin (turns protein in peptides which is a small chain of amino acids), then the small intestine uses trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsidases secreted by pancreas (turns peptides into amino acids), then it’s absorbed by the body
For dairy animals, diets are formulated for what four things?
- Rumen degradable proteins
- Rumen undegradable proteins (bypass the rumen)
- Metabolizable protein
- Amino acids
Ruminants mostly have a _______ requirement rather than an amino acid requirement
Nitrogen
What is the main result of a decrease of rumen degradable protein?
Decreased milk yield
What is the main result of an increase of rumen degradable protein?
There will be an increase in ammonia in the rumen which leads to excess nitrogen and urea in urine
What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics and in ruminants?
End product for monogastrics is glucose, and end product for ruminants is volatile fatty acids
What four carbohydrates can monogastrics not digest?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin
RDP/DIP
Rumen degradable protein/degradable intake protein
RUP/UIP
Rumen undegradable protein/undegradable intake protein
Bypass the rumen and enter the duodenum. Usable by monogastrics.
MIP
Metabolizable protein
AA
Amino Acids
In pigs, diets are formulated for ______________. But feed companies have a legal requirement to specify CP conentration
Individual digestible amino acids
CP
Crude Protein
Which types of animals can upgrade low quality dietary protein
Ruminants
Can monogastrics use NPNs (non protein nitrogens)
No only ruminants can
