Concentrates Flashcards
Feedstuffs can be sorted into
Roughages vs concentrates
Concentrates can be sorted into
Energy sources, protein sources, vitamins, and minerals
Concentrate protein sources can be sorted into
Vegetable & non-vegetable origins
A good ration should be
Balanced, palatable, not harmful, low cost, and homogeneously mixed
What is a concentrate?
Animal feed rich in energy and/or protein but low in fibre (<18%) used with another to improve nutritive balance of the ration; intended to be diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or complete feed
What is a supplement used for
Used to improve the nutritional value of the ration complementing the nutrients in the base feed, to produce a more complete feed
Can a concentrate become a supplement?
Yes
Is there a difference between concentrates & supplements?
Yes - concentrates can be used to make supplements. Supplements complement the nutrients in base feed, but concentrates are meant to make supplements?
Energy concentrates - Cereal grains parameters
<18% CF, >70% TDN, but <20% CP
Minerals, vitamins, & aa’s - variable quantity & less important than energy
Cereal grains Energy concentrates have __________ as major component
Carbohydrates with primary role as energy source
Cereal grains energy concentrates examples
Corn, barley, wheat, oats
Cereal grains starch, fibre, and CP content
Starch - 55-75% (more amylopectin than amylose)
Very low in fibre and low CP (8-12%)
Are cereal grains fed to ruminants and non-ruminants
Yes - for non ruminants, some aa (lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine are low)
Cereal grains Ca/P amount
Low Ca & high P
How much do cereal grains get used for cows, sheep, horses, pigs, poultry, companion animals
Sheep > Poultry > pigs > companion animals > cattle > horses
Energy densities of cereal grains listed in order (barley, wheat, corn, and oats)
Corn > wheat > barley > oat
Protein density of cereal grains (barley, wheat, corn, oats)
Wheat > barley > oat > corn
Is barley more grown for human or animal consumption
Animal
Which cereal grains are mostly produced in western Canada
Wheat & barley
Is wheat mainly grown for human or animal consumption
Human
Can wheat cause acidosis
Yes - lots of starch
Does wheat have better aa content than other cereals
Yes
Is corn mainly grown for human or animal consumption
Animal
Corn used widely for feed in:
Cattle, swine, & poultry
Corn uses:
Dent corn: main type of corn grown for livestock
Industrial use: ethanol production
By-product: distiller’s grain
Oat grain is used primarily for
Livestock feed and human food
Majority of Oats used in ____ market
Feed - large amount produced and fed on farm, with small amount going to racehorse industry
What is the test weight or bushel weight
A measure of grain density - weight of the grain packed in a specified volume - weight of 100L of grain
The endosperm contains most of the ______
Starch, which is embedded with protein
In the rumen, starch and protein are _______________ degraded
Rapidly and extensively
Whole grain usually not digestible- so how do you get around this
Processing
Is it hard for animals to access the endosperm
Yes
What is temper rolling
Adding water to dry grain to increase moisture content, then held for 12-24h, then rolled
Temper rolling benefits
Reduces fines, softens kernels, and less kernel splitting
Steam flaking - mostly used for
Corn - to make corn flakes. Increases CHO digestibility
Increase starch digestibilty increases risk of
Ruminal acidosis
Steam flaking process
Steam grain then flake between preheated grain rollers
What is steam rolling
Less intense than steam flaking, but rolled to a coarse and less dense flake
Pelleting
Grain grinding forcing it through a thick spinning die using rollers, compressing the feed into pellet die. Can pick diff shapes and sizes
Do animals like pellets
Yes & its easier to provide a mixed diet with all ingredients in
Pet food processing - baked
Ingredients baked into homogenous dough and baked
Extruded pet food processing
Ingredients mixed together to form a dough, then cooked under high pressure and temp in an extruded, then dough pushed through die to get desired shape
Does extrusion increase digestibility and palatability of food
Yes
Energy by-products provide an energy source through
Structural CHO - highly digestible fibre & are rapidly digestible and palatable
Examples of energy by-products
Sugar beet pulp & citrus pulp
Protein sources contain > or equal to ___% CP
20
Plant protein examples
Canola meal, soybean meal, distiller grains, cottonseed meal (all are most common protein sources in W. Canada)
Can protein sources also provide energy
Yaaa boi
What is the main protein source for livestock in Canada
Canola meal - used lots in pigs, poultry, and also included in some pet foods)
What is the most used protein supplement in the world
Soybean meal
Soybean meal used in what diets
Swine, horse, and dog feeds. Palatable, digestible, and high energy value
Problem with raw soybeans
Trypsin inhibitors can reduce digestion and absorption of proteins in monogastrics - just use heat treatment tho & ur good
Dried distiller’s grains mainly used in _____ diets
Ruminant diets as silage & is a very palatable source of protein and energy
Are peas palatable
Ya - but increase methane production
Cotton processing
Cotton - linted cotton seed - delinted cottonseed - cottonseed hulls, cottonseed oil, and cottonseed meal
Example of non-plant proteins
Blood meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal
Can you feed ruminants most mammalian byproducts
NO!!! BSE CONCERNS!!!! However, u can feed swine and equine meal and milk, blood, gelatin, and rendered animal fats are exceptions
What is blood meal made of
Blood collected at slaughter that is then heated to kill pathogens and dried to less than 12% moisture. Is UNPALATABLE
What is fish meal
Clean, dried, and ground tissues of non-decomposed or whole fish cuttings with(out) oil
Do you use fish meal for finishing diets
No bc then mean tastes fishy. Can use in all other diets though but still affects palatability of animal products produced
Meat and bone meal
Dried and rendered product from mammalian tissues - should not contain SRM
Meat and bone meal is not very palatable so should introduce into diet
Gradually
SRM
Specified risk material - specific areas of cattle (brain, skull, nerves, eyes, tonsils, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia + distal ileum) that may contain prions
Poultry byproducts
Hydrolized poultry feathers, poultry meal
Is urea fed to non ruminants
No & it is the most common non-protein nitrogen source in feed
Fats used to increase
Total energy: increase palatability and intake
Oilseeds examples
Canola seed, sunflower seeds, flax seeds - usually limited to ruminants
Oilseeds in dairy
Increase milk fat content & decrease methane
What is in dry dog/cat food
Almost anytime
Example mineral supplements
Salt limestone
