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Nutrition > Concentrates > Flashcards

Concentrates Flashcards

1
Q

Feedstuffs can be sorted into

A

Roughages vs concentrates

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2
Q

Concentrates can be sorted into

A

Energy sources, protein sources, vitamins, and minerals

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3
Q

Concentrate protein sources can be sorted into

A

Vegetable & non-vegetable origins

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4
Q

A good ration should be

A

Balanced, palatable, not harmful, low cost, and homogeneously mixed

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5
Q

What is a concentrate?

A

Animal feed rich in energy and/or protein but low in fibre (<18%) used with another to improve nutritive balance of the ration; intended to be diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or complete feed

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6
Q

What is a supplement used for

A

Used to improve the nutritional value of the ration complementing the nutrients in the base feed, to produce a more complete feed

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7
Q

Can a concentrate become a supplement?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Is there a difference between concentrates & supplements?

A

Yes - concentrates can be used to make supplements. Supplements complement the nutrients in base feed, but concentrates are meant to make supplements?

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9
Q

Energy concentrates - Cereal grains parameters

A

<18% CF, >70% TDN, but <20% CP
Minerals, vitamins, & aa’s - variable quantity & less important than energy

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10
Q

Cereal grains Energy concentrates have __________ as major component

A

Carbohydrates with primary role as energy source

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11
Q

Cereal grains energy concentrates examples

A

Corn, barley, wheat, oats

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12
Q

Cereal grains starch, fibre, and CP content

A

Starch - 55-75% (more amylopectin than amylose)
Very low in fibre and low CP (8-12%)

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13
Q

Are cereal grains fed to ruminants and non-ruminants

A

Yes - for non ruminants, some aa (lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine are low)

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14
Q

Cereal grains Ca/P amount

A

Low Ca & high P

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15
Q

How much do cereal grains get used for cows, sheep, horses, pigs, poultry, companion animals

A

Sheep > Poultry > pigs > companion animals > cattle > horses

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16
Q

Energy densities of cereal grains listed in order (barley, wheat, corn, and oats)

A

Corn > wheat > barley > oat

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17
Q

Protein density of cereal grains (barley, wheat, corn, oats)

A

Wheat > barley > oat > corn

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18
Q

Is barley more grown for human or animal consumption

A

Animal

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19
Q

Which cereal grains are mostly produced in western Canada

A

Wheat & barley

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20
Q

Is wheat mainly grown for human or animal consumption

A

Human

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21
Q

Can wheat cause acidosis

A

Yes - lots of starch

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22
Q

Does wheat have better aa content than other cereals

A

Yes

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23
Q

Is corn mainly grown for human or animal consumption

A

Animal

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24
Q

Corn used widely for feed in:

A

Cattle, swine, & poultry

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25
Q

Corn uses:

A

Dent corn: main type of corn grown for livestock
Industrial use: ethanol production
By-product: distiller’s grain

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26
Q

Oat grain is used primarily for

A

Livestock feed and human food

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27
Q

Majority of Oats used in ____ market

A

Feed - large amount produced and fed on farm, with small amount going to racehorse industry

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28
Q

What is the test weight or bushel weight

A

A measure of grain density - weight of the grain packed in a specified volume - weight of 100L of grain

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29
Q

The endosperm contains most of the ______

A

Starch, which is embedded with protein

30
Q

In the rumen, starch and protein are _______________ degraded

A

Rapidly and extensively

31
Q

Whole grain usually not digestible- so how do you get around this

A

Processing

32
Q

Is it hard for animals to access the endosperm

A

Yes

33
Q

What is temper rolling

A

Adding water to dry grain to increase moisture content, then held for 12-24h, then rolled

34
Q

Temper rolling benefits

A

Reduces fines, softens kernels, and less kernel splitting

35
Q

Steam flaking - mostly used for

A

Corn - to make corn flakes. Increases CHO digestibility

36
Q

Increase starch digestibilty increases risk of

A

Ruminal acidosis

37
Q

Steam flaking process

A

Steam grain then flake between preheated grain rollers

38
Q

What is steam rolling

A

Less intense than steam flaking, but rolled to a coarse and less dense flake

39
Q

Pelleting

A

Grain grinding forcing it through a thick spinning die using rollers, compressing the feed into pellet die. Can pick diff shapes and sizes

40
Q

Do animals like pellets

A

Yes & its easier to provide a mixed diet with all ingredients in

41
Q

Pet food processing - baked

A

Ingredients baked into homogenous dough and baked

42
Q

Extruded pet food processing

A

Ingredients mixed together to form a dough, then cooked under high pressure and temp in an extruded, then dough pushed through die to get desired shape

43
Q

Does extrusion increase digestibility and palatability of food

A

Yes

44
Q

Energy by-products provide an energy source through

A

Structural CHO - highly digestible fibre & are rapidly digestible and palatable

45
Q

Examples of energy by-products

A

Sugar beet pulp & citrus pulp

46
Q

Protein sources contain > or equal to ___% CP

A

20

47
Q

Plant protein examples

A

Canola meal, soybean meal, distiller grains, cottonseed meal (all are most common protein sources in W. Canada)

48
Q

Can protein sources also provide energy

A

Yaaa boi

49
Q

What is the main protein source for livestock in Canada

A

Canola meal - used lots in pigs, poultry, and also included in some pet foods)

50
Q

What is the most used protein supplement in the world

A

Soybean meal

51
Q

Soybean meal used in what diets

A

Swine, horse, and dog feeds. Palatable, digestible, and high energy value

52
Q

Problem with raw soybeans

A

Trypsin inhibitors can reduce digestion and absorption of proteins in monogastrics - just use heat treatment tho & ur good

53
Q

Dried distiller’s grains mainly used in _____ diets

A

Ruminant diets as silage & is a very palatable source of protein and energy

54
Q

Are peas palatable

A

Ya - but increase methane production

55
Q

Cotton processing

A

Cotton - linted cotton seed - delinted cottonseed - cottonseed hulls, cottonseed oil, and cottonseed meal

56
Q

Example of non-plant proteins

A

Blood meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal

57
Q

Can you feed ruminants most mammalian byproducts

A

NO!!! BSE CONCERNS!!!! However, u can feed swine and equine meal and milk, blood, gelatin, and rendered animal fats are exceptions

58
Q

What is blood meal made of

A

Blood collected at slaughter that is then heated to kill pathogens and dried to less than 12% moisture. Is UNPALATABLE

59
Q

What is fish meal

A

Clean, dried, and ground tissues of non-decomposed or whole fish cuttings with(out) oil

60
Q

Do you use fish meal for finishing diets

A

No bc then mean tastes fishy. Can use in all other diets though but still affects palatability of animal products produced

61
Q

Meat and bone meal

A

Dried and rendered product from mammalian tissues - should not contain SRM

62
Q

Meat and bone meal is not very palatable so should introduce into diet

A

Gradually

63
Q

SRM

A

Specified risk material - specific areas of cattle (brain, skull, nerves, eyes, tonsils, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia + distal ileum) that may contain prions

64
Q

Poultry byproducts

A

Hydrolized poultry feathers, poultry meal

65
Q

Is urea fed to non ruminants

A

No & it is the most common non-protein nitrogen source in feed

66
Q

Fats used to increase

A

Total energy: increase palatability and intake

67
Q

Oilseeds examples

A

Canola seed, sunflower seeds, flax seeds - usually limited to ruminants

68
Q

Oilseeds in dairy

A

Increase milk fat content & decrease methane

69
Q

What is in dry dog/cat food

A

Almost anytime

70
Q

Example mineral supplements

A

Salt limestone

Nutrition (10 decks)

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