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Nutrition > Forages and forage harvesting, ingredient identification > Flashcards

Forages and forage harvesting, ingredient identification Flashcards

1
Q

define forages

A

vegetative plant parts (stems, leaves) cotnaining high levels of structural carbohydrates (fiber) that is at least partially indigestible by mammalian enzymes

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2
Q

what are forages usually fed as

A

hay, silage cubes or pellets

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3
Q

forages are primarily fed to which species

A

ruminants, and hindgut fermenters that hsot fibre digesting micro-organisms in their digestive tracts

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4
Q

T/F: concentrates are not readily digestible by both mammalian and microbial enzymes

A

FALSE! concentrates can be digested by both

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5
Q

compare the nutrient concentration in concentrates vs forages

A

concentrates contain higher concentrations of nutrients than forages

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6
Q

what usually comprises concentrates

A

reproductive plant parts (seeders and tubers) including starch-rich feed grains such as corn adn barley as well as those containing high levels of lipid such as oilseeds (canola, soybeans

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7
Q

what usually comprises high protein concentrates

A

oil-seed meals (canola mean, soymeal), animal byproducts and industrial by-products such as corn gluten meal and distillers grains

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8
Q

3 categories in the first classification of forages

A

perennials, biennials, annuals

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9
Q

describe perennials

A

plants that live for 2+ years and grow vegetative reproductive structures (bulbs, tubers, woody crowns, rhizomes) that allow them to adapt to living from one year to the next

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10
Q

describe biennials

A

re-emerge from vegetative reproductive structures for only a second growing season

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11
Q

describe annuals

A

produce seeds to continue the species as a new generation. Seeds survive the cold or dry period to begin growth when conditions are suitable

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12
Q

second classification for forages

A

grasses vs legumes

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13
Q

describe grasses

A
  • herbaceous: do not develop woody tissues
  • produce seed
  • die down at the end of the growing seasons
  • are monocotyledonous (one leaf sprout from the seed), have slender leaves sheathing a reproductive stem and may be annual or perenial
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14
Q

describe legumes

A
  • herbaceous
  • produce seeds in pods
  • dicotyledonous - two leaves emerge from the seed at germination
    -perennial, biennial or annual
  • under favourable conditions have N fixing bacteria on roots (rhizobia)
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15
Q

monocot vs dicot and examples of each

A

monocot = one leaf ex. grasses
dicot = 2 leaves
ex. legumes

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16
Q

2 classifications of perennial grasses

A

warm-season or cool season

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17
Q

warm season grasses fix energy into. ____ carbon units and are referred to as _______*****

A

warm season grasses fix energy into 4 carbon units and are referred to as C4 grasses

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18
Q

what do warm season grasses do more efficiently compared to cold season grasses

A

fixing carbon dioxide in hot weather

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19
Q

at what temperatures do warm season grasses make most active growth

A

when minimum temp is greater than 15C and soil temp is greater than 13C. Optimum is 30-35*C

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20
Q

T/F: warm season grasses are grown in canada!

A

FALSE

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21
Q

examples of warm season perennial grasses

A

buffalograss, cordgrass, switch grass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass

22
Q

describe some characteristics of bromegrass

A
  • perennial cool season grass
  • drought hardy
  • survives in extreme temperatures
  • often mixed with grasses and legumes
  • most commonly used companion to alfalfa in mixtures grown on dryland
23
Q

describe orchard grass

A
  • cool season perennial grass
  • grows in bunches
  • commonly used for pastures in alberta
  • bush type, tall growing
  • tolerant to shade
  • fairly drought resistant
  • moderate winter hardiness
  • adapted to black and grey wooded soil zones and irrigates areas of southern alberta
24
Q

what is tall fescue used for

A

pasture and hay

25
Q

what is tall fescue best adapted for

A

cool season grass available for stockpiling for use in fall and winter (holds nutritional value well after fall frost

26
Q

limitation of tall fescue

A

limited winter hardiness

27
Q

what kind of grass is timothy grass

A

cool season perennial grass

28
Q

what is timothy grass used for

A

hay and pasture

29
Q

what is the downside of timothy grass

A

does not tolerate drought

30
Q

what does timothy grass work well in

A

mixtures with legume plants

31
Q

what is timothy grass adapted to

A

higher rainfall areas of the gray wooded and black soil zones

32
Q

most common grain crop forages in western canada

A

barley, corn, oats, rye, triticale and wheat

33
Q

at what stage is grain harvested for hay

A

in boot stage ???

34
Q

at what stage is grain harvested for silage

A

when grain is in early stage of development before the digestibility of the vegatative parts decline significantly

35
Q

what is grain crop forage reffered to after field drying

A

greenfeed or cereal-crop hay

36
Q

what is grain crop forages referred to when harvested and stored whet

A

grain crop or cereal crop silage

37
Q

6 examples of grain crop forages

A

barley, corn, wheat, rye, oats, triticale

38
Q

legume forages are primarily fed to livestock as..

A

hay and silage

39
Q

when ensiled, perennial grasses and legumes are often referred to as what??

A

hay-crop silage (to differentiate them from grain-crop silage

40
Q

in comparison to grasses, legumes are higher and lower in what***

A

in comparison to grasses, legumes are higher in protein, Ca, Mg, S, Cu,

Lower in Mn, Zn

41
Q

legume forages risk developing what in cows***

A

frothy bloat

42
Q

why dont you want to feed alfalfa to a calving cow

A

hypercalcemia

43
Q

describe the relationship between nutritional quality and plant maturity for legumes? what is the reason behin this?

A

as plant matures, stems elongate, proportion of leaf to stem decreases, fibre increases and protein decreases

44
Q

5 examples of legume forage

A

alfalfa, red clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch

45
Q

relationship between bloat causing forages and digestibility

A

the more rapidly/easy digestible by rumen microbes , the more bloat causing

46
Q

describe how % leaves, % NDF + %CP in stems and leaves changes as the plant matures

A

as the plant matures:
- %leaves decreases
- %NDF in leaves and stems increase
-%CP in leaves and stems decreases

47
Q

which plant has higher calcium: grasses or legumes

A

legumes!

48
Q

2 methods to preserve and store forages

A
  • controlled fermentation: reducing pH of forage to a level where growth of bacteria is inhibited
  • dehydration: removing the level of water to inhibit microbial activity
49
Q

going from fresh vegetation to preserved forage… what 2 things can be lost

A

dry matter losses and quality losses

50
Q

loss of dry matter can be due to? (3)

A
  • plant metabolism
  • microbial metabolism
  • physical losses (shattering/breaking plant material)
51
Q

DM yield of fresh forage is lesser/greater than that of preserved vegetation

A

DM yield of fresh forage is greater than that of preserved vegetation

Nutrition (10 decks)

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