Forages and forage harvesting, ingredient identification

Question 1

define forages

Answer 1

vegetative plant parts (stems, leaves) cotnaining high levels of structural carbohydrates (fiber) that is at least partially indigestible by mammalian enzymes

Question 2

what are forages usually fed as

Answer 2

hay, silage cubes or pellets

Question 3

forages are primarily fed to which species

Answer 3

ruminants, and hindgut fermenters that hsot fibre digesting micro-organisms in their digestive tracts

Question 4

T/F: concentrates are not readily digestible by both mammalian and microbial enzymes

Answer 4

FALSE! concentrates can be digested by both

Question 5

compare the nutrient concentration in concentrates vs forages

Answer 5

concentrates contain higher concentrations of nutrients than forages

Question 6

what usually comprises concentrates

Answer 6

reproductive plant parts (seeders and tubers) including starch-rich feed grains such as corn adn barley as well as those containing high levels of lipid such as oilseeds (canola, soybeans

Question 7

what usually comprises high protein concentrates

Answer 7

oil-seed meals (canola mean, soymeal), animal byproducts and industrial by-products such as corn gluten meal and distillers grains

Question 8

3 categories in the first classification of forages

Answer 8

perennials, biennials, annuals

Question 9

describe perennials

Answer 9

plants that live for 2+ years and grow vegetative reproductive structures (bulbs, tubers, woody crowns, rhizomes) that allow them to adapt to living from one year to the next

Question 10

describe biennials

Answer 10

re-emerge from vegetative reproductive structures for only a second growing season

Question 11

describe annuals

Answer 11

produce seeds to continue the species as a new generation. Seeds survive the cold or dry period to begin growth when conditions are suitable

Question 12

second classification for forages

Answer 12

grasses vs legumes

Question 13

describe grasses

Answer 13

• herbaceous: do not develop woody tissues
• produce seed
• die down at the end of the growing seasons
• are monocotyledonous (one leaf sprout from the seed), have slender leaves sheathing a reproductive stem and may be annual or perenial

Question 14

describe legumes

Answer 14

• herbaceous
• produce seeds in pods
• dicotyledonous - two leaves emerge from the seed at germination
  -perennial, biennial or annual
• under favourable conditions have N fixing bacteria on roots (rhizobia)

Question 15

monocot vs dicot and examples of each

Answer 15

monocot = one leaf ex. grasses
dicot = 2 leaves
ex. legumes

Question 16

2 classifications of perennial grasses

Answer 16

warm-season or cool season

Question 17

warm season grasses fix energy into. ____ carbon units and are referred to as _______*****

Answer 17

warm season grasses fix energy into 4 carbon units and are referred to as C4 grasses

Question 18

what do warm season grasses do more efficiently compared to cold season grasses

Answer 18

fixing carbon dioxide in hot weather

Question 19

at what temperatures do warm season grasses make most active growth

Answer 19

when minimum temp is greater than 15C and soil temp is greater than 13C. Optimum is 30-35*C

Question 20

T/F: warm season grasses are grown in canada!

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

examples of warm season perennial grasses

Answer 21

buffalograss, cordgrass, switch grass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass

Question 22

describe some characteristics of bromegrass

Answer 22

• perennial cool season grass
• drought hardy
• survives in extreme temperatures
• often mixed with grasses and legumes
• most commonly used companion to alfalfa in mixtures grown on dryland

Question 23

describe orchard grass

Answer 23

• cool season perennial grass
• grows in bunches
• commonly used for pastures in alberta
• bush type, tall growing
• tolerant to shade
• fairly drought resistant
• moderate winter hardiness
• adapted to black and grey wooded soil zones and irrigates areas of southern alberta

Question 24

what is tall fescue used for

Answer 24

pasture and hay

Question 25

what is tall fescue best adapted for

Answer 25

cool season grass available for stockpiling for use in fall and winter (holds nutritional value well after fall frost

Question 26

limitation of tall fescue

Answer 26

limited winter hardiness

Question 27

what kind of grass is timothy grass

Answer 27

cool season perennial grass

Question 28

what is timothy grass used for

Answer 28

hay and pasture

Question 29

what is the downside of timothy grass

Answer 29

does not tolerate drought

Question 30

what does timothy grass work well in

Answer 30

mixtures with legume plants

Question 31

what is timothy grass adapted to

Answer 31

higher rainfall areas of the gray wooded and black soil zones

Question 32

most common grain crop forages in western canada

Answer 32

barley, corn, oats, rye, triticale and wheat

Question 33

at what stage is grain harvested for hay

Answer 33

in boot stage ???

Question 34

at what stage is grain harvested for silage

Answer 34

when grain is in early stage of development before the digestibility of the vegatative parts decline significantly

Question 35

what is grain crop forage reffered to after field drying

Answer 35

greenfeed or cereal-crop hay

Question 36

what is grain crop forages referred to when harvested and stored whet

Answer 36

grain crop or cereal crop silage

Question 37

6 examples of grain crop forages

Answer 37

barley, corn, wheat, rye, oats, triticale

Question 38

legume forages are primarily fed to livestock as..

Answer 38

hay and silage

Question 39

when ensiled, perennial grasses and legumes are often referred to as what??

Answer 39

hay-crop silage (to differentiate them from grain-crop silage

Question 40

in comparison to grasses, legumes are higher and lower in what***

Answer 40

in comparison to grasses, legumes are higher in protein, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Lower in Mn, Zn

Question 41

legume forages risk developing what in cows***

Answer 41

frothy bloat

Question 42

why dont you want to feed alfalfa to a calving cow

Answer 42

hypercalcemia

Question 43

describe the relationship between nutritional quality and plant maturity for legumes? what is the reason behin this?

Answer 43

as plant matures, stems elongate, proportion of leaf to stem decreases, fibre increases and protein decreases

Question 44

5 examples of legume forage

Answer 44

alfalfa, red clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch

Question 45

relationship between bloat causing forages and digestibility

Answer 45

the more rapidly/easy digestible by rumen microbes , the more bloat causing

Question 46

describe how % leaves, % NDF + %CP in stems and leaves changes as the plant matures

Answer 46

as the plant matures: - %leaves decreases - %NDF in leaves and stems increase -%CP in leaves and stems decreases

Question 47

which plant has higher calcium: grasses or legumes

Answer 47

legumes!

Question 48

2 methods to preserve and store forages

Answer 48

- controlled fermentation: reducing pH of forage to a level where growth of bacteria is inhibited - dehydration: removing the level of water to inhibit microbial activity

Question 49

going from fresh vegetation to preserved forage... what 2 things can be lost

Answer 49

dry matter losses and quality losses

Question 50

loss of dry matter can be due to? (3)

Answer 50

- plant metabolism - microbial metabolism - physical losses (shattering/breaking plant material)

Question 51

DM yield of fresh forage is lesser/greater than that of preserved vegetation

Answer 51

DM yield of fresh forage is greater than that of preserved vegetation