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Nutrition > anti nutritive factors > Flashcards

anti nutritive factors Flashcards

1
Q

What things can make diagnosing exposure to mycotoxins difficult

A

Suspect feed may already have been consumed
* Large variations in concentrations of antinutritional factors or
mycotoxins – get a feed test if available
* Multiple concurrent factors
* Tempting to blame mycotoxins for poor
livestock growth performance

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2
Q

what are anti-nutritional factors

A

“Any dietary compound that reduces voluntary feed intake of
animals or impairs digestive function or partitioning and
utilization of absorbed nutrients.”

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3
Q

What are mycotoxins

A

secondary metabolites of fungi with the capacity to induce distinct toxic effects in animals and humans

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4
Q

what are the general characteristics of antinutritional factors

A

usually prodcuts of secondary metabolism

present in virtually all plants to some degree

defensive role- protection from herbivores

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5
Q

what are the two classifications of antinutritional factors

A

heat stable

heat labile

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6
Q

what happens to the protease (trypsin) inhibitors in raw soybeans when heat is added

A

heat treatment of soybeans inactivates the inhibitor

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7
Q

What are lectins found in

A

soybeans and pulses

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8
Q

what do lectins do

A

prevent absorption of nutrients in SI

impair growth and cause diarrhea

affects mostly monogastrics

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9
Q

what does moist heat treatment do to lectins

A

it destroys much of the lectin in grain legumes

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10
Q

Gossypol causes what two syndromes in preruminants

A
  1. sudden death syndrome (resembles heart attack)
  2. chronic labored breathing (resembles pneumonia)
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11
Q

What affect does gossypol have on bulls

A

reduced fertility

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12
Q

why can mature cattle tolerate higher levels of gossypol

A

because gossypol binds to soluble proteins in the rumen

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13
Q

what are tannins

A

polyphenolic compounds with the ability to bind and precipitate proteins

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14
Q

Some herbivores also have evolved to produce_______ in their
saliva which bind to tannins during ingestion and reduce biological activity
(deer > goat > sheep > cattle)

A

proline-rich proteins

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15
Q

what affect do tannins have on ruminants

A

reduces RDP and increases RUP

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16
Q

What beneficial affect do tannins have

A

provides protection against bloat

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17
Q

what affect do tannins have non monogastrics

A

reduces DM and protein digestion, voluntary intake and growth

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18
Q

Saponins

A

form stable soap-like forms, impair digestion of protein and uptake of vit and min in gut

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19
Q

what affect does saponins have on ruminants

A

increases bloat

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20
Q

Saponins ____ bloat while tannins _____ decrease bloat

A

saponins increase, tannins decrease

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21
Q

mimosine

A

has metabolic derivative 3,4-DHP, and comes from legume plant Leucaena leucocephala. causes anorexia, reduced growth, goiter, etc

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22
Q

cyanogenic glycosides

A

found in clover, high concentrates associated with N fertilization, immaturity, and frost damage, may cause neurological symptoms

23
Q

phytoestrogens

A

reduce fertility through competitive inhibition of estrogen.

24
Q

the main source of phytoestrogen is

A

clover

25
Q

Plant breeders have developed ______ of subterranean
clover, greatly reducing animal losses due to phytoestrogens

A

low-estrogen cultivars

26
Q

oxalate

A

promotes formation of kidney stones.

27
Q

what causes secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A

oxalate

28
Q

what are two sources of oxalate

A

rhubarb leaves, or kochia

29
Q

what does oxalate posioning resemble

A

antifreeze poisoning

30
Q

glucosinolates

A

contain toxin s-methylcysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO)

31
Q

what is SMCSO also known as

A

“brassica anemia factor”

32
Q

how do mycotoxins exert their effects

A

Reduced intake or feed refusal
* Reduced nutrient absorption and
impaired metabolism
* Altered endocrine or exocrine systems
* Suppressed immune function
* Altered rumen microbial growth

33
Q

what are the most prevalent mycotoxins in canada

A

Most prevalent in Canada are Fusarium toxins and ergot alkaloids

34
Q

what are the three primary infleunces of mold growth

A

mositure, temperature, oxygen level

35
Q

aflatoxin

A

carcinogenic. corn, peanuts, peanut meal. causes liver damage and accumulates in liver

36
Q

what clinical signs does aflatoxin have in cattle

A

diarrhea, severe tenesmus, pale enlargd fatty livers

37
Q

what clinical signs does aflatoxin have in pigs

A

anorexia, weight loss, tremours, hemorrhagic diarrhea

38
Q

fumonisin B1 and B2 cause what in horses

A

equine leukoencephalomalacia

39
Q

fumonisin B1 and B2 cause what in pigs

A

porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) and abortion

40
Q

vomitoxins are particularly dangerous to what species

A

swine

41
Q

zearlaenone is a ____ mycotoxin

A

estrogen-like

42
Q

T/F zearalenone affects feed intake

A

false

43
Q

what species is particularly sensitive to zearalenone

A

swine

44
Q

what problems does zearalenone cause

A

reproductive problems

45
Q

T2 toxin in cattle

A

Gastroenteritis, intestinal hemorrhage, abomasal
and ruminal ulcers, death

46
Q

T2 toxin in pigs

A

potent immunosuppressive agent

47
Q

ochratoxin A is a ____ toxin that causes ____

A

renal, PUPD

48
Q

Ergot affects which two grains the most

A

rye and triticale

49
Q

what is ergotism

A

Caused by ingestion of infected pasture, hayor
cereal kernels
* Disease-causing agents are alkaloids within the
ergot bodies
* Cattle, sheep, pigs, horses,dogs and birds can be
affected;
* Toxic component is preserved during ensiling

50
Q

what are ergot alkaloids

A

stable version of ergot, hard to break down

51
Q

ergotism in cattle

A

Gangrene of the extremities due to vasoconstriction, agalactia, low conception rates,abortion

52
Q

what hormone does Ergotism mess with

A

prolactin

53
Q

ergotism in pigs

A

agalactia due to lack of prolactin, neonatal mortality, gangrene on ear and tail

54
Q
A

Nutrition (10 decks)

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