Feed additives and feed medication Flashcards
Complete feed
Contains all the nutrients needed
to cover the requirements of a
particular animal species in one
ration
TMR
Total mixed ration
5 Qualities of a good ration
- Balanced
- Palatable
- Not harmful
- Low cost
- Homogenously mixed
Premix
Uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients which facilitates uniform dispersion of micro ingredients in larger mix
What does a premix contain (4 categories)
Minerals
Vitamins
Feed additives
Diluent/carrier
Supplement
An additive which is a combination of feed nutrients that is added to other feed ingredients to create a complete feed/ration. Is concentrated!
What are feed additives?
Products used in animal nutrition to improve the quality of feed and the quality of food from animal origin, or to improve the animal’’ performance and health.
What is an ionophore?
A type of antimicrobial that is meant to control microbial load and growth performance which reduces acidosis and bloat
What additive is this: prevents oxidation
Antioxidant
What additive is this: Neutralize excess acid in the GI system
buffers
What additive is this: facilitate and improve digestion of dietary components
enzymes
What additive is this: Aide in palatability
flavouring agents
What additive is this: used for growth promoting effects and suppression of estrus in heifers
Hormones
What is 3 Nitrooxypropanol used for in cattle?
reduce methane emissions by redirecting energy loss
What additive is this: non digestible functional ingredient that selectively stimulates the growth of favourable GIT bacteria in the host.
Prebiotics
What additive is this: live strains of strictly selected microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host
Probiotics
What additive is this: used to increase lean tissue growth and improve production efficiency
β-agonists (Ractopamine)
What additive is this: promotes reduction of GIT pH and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria
Organic acids
What additive is this: improve the palatability, digestibility, absorption of feed nutrients, control GIT microbiome structure, improve performance and feed quality.
Phytogenic substances
Why are ionophores so commonly used in feedlot cattle?
To promote growth by making the ruminant as close to a monogastric as possible. Improves feed conversion efficiency by increasing production of propionic acid (goes to gluconeogenesis)
How do antimicrobials improve growth?
Reducing microbial load also reduces: 1. mild infections, 2.. usage of nutrients on microbial growth (which the animal can then utilize) and 3. microbial growth depressing toxins and promotes efficient nutrient absorption.
What are these examples of: monensin, lasalocid, salinomycine
Ionophores
What is phytate?
A non digestible source of phosphorus found in plant material. If accessible is useful to the animal therefore phytase is an important enzyme additive to remember!
Are ionophores important to human health?
NO
What is Beta glucanase?
An enzyme additive used in swine and poultry feed to help them breakdown B-glucans in barley containing diets.
What is phytase?
An enzyme used to digest phytic acid (prevalent in grains and soybean meal diet)
What are endoglucanases?
Enzymes that break down cellulose internal glycoside bonds in a glucose polymer
What are proteases?
Enzymes that breakdown peptide bonds
What are amylases?
Enzymes that breakdown starch into sugar
In short, what is a probiotic?
Non-pathogenic microbes added to feed to provide GI benefit to the animal.
What are some potential modes of action of probiotics? (IDK if he wants us to memorize this more so get the idea of why probiotics are helpful)
Change gut microflora to improve GI balance
Exclusion/reduction of pathogenic bacteria by competitive inhibition
Synthesize of lactic acid with consequent reduction in intestinal pH
Adhesion to intestinal mucosa
Stimulation of immune responses in gut.
Are probiotics only bacteria?
No, yeast and mold based probiotics are available too e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae
What are some benefits of using probiotics in animals?
Reduce diarrhea, reduce pathogens, improve growth rates, increase feed intake, improve fibre digestion in rumen, increase N retention
What is a prebiotic?
food for your probiotic!
“compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial GIT microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi”
What are these examples of:
Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)
Fructooligosacchardies (FOS)
Inulin (Beta-fructan)
Prebiotics
What do Beta adrenergic agonists do?
Act on B-adrenergic receptors which repartions nutrients to favour lean meat and reduce fat deposition. Results in really beefy looking animals but there will be meat shrinkage due to the amount of water required for muscle hypertrophy.
What are these examples of:
Ractopamine/optaflexx
Zilpaterol/Zilmax
Beta Adrenergic Agonists.
What hormones bind Beta adrenergic receptors?
Epinephrine/Adrenaline and Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline
What does a mycotoxin binder do?
Binds mycotoxins in food to prevent it from being absorbed across GIT mucosa
Organic acid additives are mainly in the diets of:
Early weaned pigs and poultry
What are the point of organic acid additives?
Promote reduction of GIT pH and prevent pathogenic bacterial growth
what are these examples of:
Vitamin E and C, Rosemary extract, Citric acid, Ethoxyquin, BHT, BHA
Anti-oxidants
What do anti-oxidant additives aim to do?
Prevent rancidity of the fats in foods, maintain flavour odor and texture, and prevent degradation of fat soluble vitamins.
What are some “Other Additives” mentioned in class?
Anthelmintics, coccidiostats, phytogenic substances
What are the principles of calculating medication feed additives? (5)
- accurate diagnosis
- Recommended doses use (adhered to achieve max efficiency without endangering animal safety or human health)
- Consider management when administering treatments
- Avoid incompatible administration (outlined under cautions)
- Medically important antimicrobials must be administered under the guidance and oversight of a veterinarian since December 2018
