Feed additives and feed medication

Question 1

Complete feed

Answer 1

Contains all the nutrients needed
to cover the requirements of a
particular animal species in one
ration

Question 2

TMR

Answer 2

Total mixed ration

Question 3

5 Qualities of a good ration

Answer 3

1. Balanced
2. Palatable
3. Not harmful
4. Low cost
5. Homogenously mixed

Question 4

Premix

Answer 4

Uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients which facilitates uniform dispersion of micro ingredients in larger mix

Question 5

What does a premix contain (4 categories)

Answer 5

Minerals
Vitamins
Feed additives
Diluent/carrier

Question 6

Supplement

Answer 6

An additive which is a combination of feed nutrients that is added to other feed ingredients to create a complete feed/ration. Is concentrated!

Question 7

What are feed additives?

Answer 7

Products used in animal nutrition to improve the quality of feed and the quality of food from animal origin, or to improve the animal’’ performance and health.

Question 8

What is an ionophore?

Answer 8

A type of antimicrobial that is meant to control microbial load and growth performance which reduces acidosis and bloat

Question 9

What additive is this: prevents oxidation

Answer 9

Antioxidant

Question 10

What additive is this: Neutralize excess acid in the GI system

Answer 10

buffers

Question 11

What additive is this: facilitate and improve digestion of dietary components

Answer 11

enzymes

Question 12

What additive is this: Aide in palatability

Answer 12

flavouring agents

Question 13

What additive is this: used for growth promoting effects and suppression of estrus in heifers

Answer 13

Hormones

Question 14

What is 3 Nitrooxypropanol used for in cattle?

Answer 14

reduce methane emissions by redirecting energy loss

Question 15

What additive is this: non digestible functional ingredient that selectively stimulates the growth of favourable GIT bacteria in the host.

Answer 15

Prebiotics

Question 16

What additive is this: live strains of strictly selected microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host

Answer 16

Probiotics

Question 17

What additive is this: used to increase lean tissue growth and improve production efficiency

Answer 17

β-agonists (Ractopamine)

Question 18

What additive is this: promotes reduction of GIT pH and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 18

Organic acids

Question 19

What additive is this: improve the palatability, digestibility, absorption of feed nutrients, control GIT microbiome structure, improve performance and feed quality.

Answer 19

Phytogenic substances

Question 20

Why are ionophores so commonly used in feedlot cattle?

Answer 20

To promote growth by making the ruminant as close to a monogastric as possible. Improves feed conversion efficiency by increasing production of propionic acid (goes to gluconeogenesis)

Question 21

How do antimicrobials improve growth?

Answer 21

Reducing microbial load also reduces: 1. mild infections, 2.. usage of nutrients on microbial growth (which the animal can then utilize) and 3. microbial growth depressing toxins and promotes efficient nutrient absorption.

Question 22

What are these examples of: monensin, lasalocid, salinomycine

Answer 22

Ionophores

Question 23

What is phytate?

Answer 23

A non digestible source of phosphorus found in plant material. If accessible is useful to the animal therefore phytase is an important enzyme additive to remember!

Question 24

Are ionophores important to human health?

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

What is Beta glucanase?

Answer 25

An enzyme additive used in swine and poultry feed to help them breakdown B-glucans in barley containing diets.

Question 26

What is phytase?

Answer 26

An enzyme used to digest phytic acid (prevalent in grains and soybean meal diet)

Question 27

What are endoglucanases?

Answer 27

Enzymes that break down cellulose internal glycoside bonds in a glucose polymer

Question 28

What are proteases?

Answer 28

Enzymes that breakdown peptide bonds

Question 29

What are amylases?

Answer 29

Enzymes that breakdown starch into sugar

Question 30

In short, what is a probiotic?

Answer 30

Non-pathogenic microbes added to feed to provide GI benefit to the animal.

Question 31

What are some potential modes of action of probiotics? (IDK if he wants us to memorize this more so get the idea of why probiotics are helpful)

Answer 31

Change gut microflora to improve GI balance Exclusion/reduction of pathogenic bacteria by competitive inhibition Synthesize of lactic acid with consequent reduction in intestinal pH Adhesion to intestinal mucosa Stimulation of immune responses in gut.

Question 32

Are probiotics only bacteria?

Answer 32

No, yeast and mold based probiotics are available too e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae

Question 33

What are some benefits of using probiotics in animals?

Answer 33

Reduce diarrhea, reduce pathogens, improve growth rates, increase feed intake, improve fibre digestion in rumen, increase N retention

Question 34

What is a prebiotic?

Answer 34

food for your probiotic! "compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial GIT microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi"

Question 35

What are these examples of: Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) Fructooligosacchardies (FOS) Inulin (Beta-fructan)

Answer 35

Prebiotics

Question 36

What do Beta adrenergic agonists do?

Answer 36

Act on B-adrenergic receptors which repartions nutrients to favour lean meat and reduce fat deposition. Results in really beefy looking animals but there will be meat shrinkage due to the amount of water required for muscle hypertrophy.

Question 37

What are these examples of: Ractopamine/optaflexx Zilpaterol/Zilmax

Answer 37

Beta Adrenergic Agonists.

Question 38

What hormones bind Beta adrenergic receptors?

Answer 38

Epinephrine/Adrenaline and Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

Question 39

What does a mycotoxin binder do?

Answer 39

Binds mycotoxins in food to prevent it from being absorbed across GIT mucosa

Question 40

Organic acid additives are mainly in the diets of:

Answer 40

Early weaned pigs and poultry

Question 41

What are the point of organic acid additives?

Answer 41

Promote reduction of GIT pH and prevent pathogenic bacterial growth

Question 42

what are these examples of: Vitamin E and C, Rosemary extract, Citric acid, Ethoxyquin, BHT, BHA

Answer 42

Anti-oxidants

Question 43

What do anti-oxidant additives aim to do?

Answer 43

Prevent rancidity of the fats in foods, maintain flavour odor and texture, and prevent degradation of fat soluble vitamins.

Question 44

What are some "Other Additives" mentioned in class?

Answer 44

Anthelmintics, coccidiostats, phytogenic substances

Question 45

What are the principles of calculating medication feed additives? (5)

Answer 45

1. accurate diagnosis 2. Recommended doses use (adhered to achieve max efficiency without endangering animal safety or human health) 3. Consider management when administering treatments 4. Avoid incompatible administration (outlined under cautions) 5. Medically important antimicrobials must be administered under the guidance and oversight of a veterinarian since December 2018