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Vet Tech A & P > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean for something to be fat soluble

A

It has to attach to a fat to be absorbed into the body

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2
Q

What nutrient is needed to make steroids

A

Cholesterol

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3
Q

True or false
Amino acids can be stored

A

False

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4
Q

An animal in critical care or surgery will need a ________ nitrogen balance

A

Positive

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5
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What are the 6 macro minerals

A

Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium

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7
Q

What word indicates the creation of substances

A

Anabolism

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8
Q

What word indicated the breaking down of substances ?

A

Catabolism

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9
Q

What are enzymes made of ?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What is a byproduct of lipid metabolism

A

Ketones

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11
Q

The end product of carbohydrates such as sugars, starches, and cellulose is

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Lipids are ______ in water

A

Insoluble

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13
Q

Lipids consists of

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

Neutral fats are rebuilt by what organ ?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What nutrient group is an important insulator when stored, help absorb fat soluble vitamins, protect and cushion vital organs.

A

Neutral fats

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16
Q

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins _______ energy

A

Produce

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17
Q

Water, vitamins, and minerals __________ energy

A

Do not produce

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18
Q

What are the six categories of nutrients ?

A

Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals

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19
Q

What is an essential amino acid in cats that is not in other mammals

A

Taurine

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20
Q

What category of carbohydrates contains monosaccharides and disaccharides

A

Sugars

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21
Q

What category of carbohydrates contains polysaccharides that come from grains, root veggies, and legumes

A

Starches

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22
Q

What categoryof carbohydrates contains polysaccharides that come from most vegetables

A

Cellulose

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23
Q

Glucose is readily used to make ATP through a process called

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

Glucose releasing hormones are secreted from what organ

A

Pancreas

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25
Glucose that is not immediately used by cells is converted to ___________ and stored in the ________or converted to fat in adipose tissue
Glycogen , liver
26
The building blocks for neutral fats are __________ and _________.
Fatty acids and glycerol
27
Glycerol is a modified _______ _______.
Simple sugar
28
Neutral fats are also called what ?
Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
29
Carbohydrates are a major source for ______ and the ______
RBC and the brain
30
The basic molecular component of Saturated fatty acids is
Single bonds between carbon atoms
31
The basic molecular component of unsaturated fatty acids is
One or more double bonds between carbon atoms
32
In all domestic species what essential fatty acid much be available in the diet
Linoleic acid
33
Triglycerides are the major energy source for ________ and ________ _________ _______.
Hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells
34
Phospholipids are modified _________ derived primarily from the cell membranes of plant and animal cells
Triglycerides
35
What are some functions of water
Assist in temperature regulation, major component of blood, lubricant for body tissues .
36
What are the four categories of lipids
Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, other lipid substances
37
Steroids and lipids are ___ shaped molecules
E
38
Steroids include what
Cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, and hormones Released from the cortex and the adrenal gland
39
The basic molecular component of steroids is ?
Steroids are composed of 4 flat, interlocking rings of hydrocarbons
40
Proteins make up ___to ____ % of a cells mass
10-30%
41
Amino acids Cannot be stored, what is not immediately used to make protein is…..
Oxidized to make energy or are converted to carbohydrates or fats.
42
What amino acid is essential for birds but not other mammals
Glycine
43
The rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss ( when the amount of nitrogen that ingested in the form of protein equals the amount of nitrogen that is excreted).
Nitrogen balance
44
When the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy
Positive nitrogen balance
45
When protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues
Negative nitrogen balance
46
Positive nitrogen balance typically occurs in what state
During healing, pregnancy, growing animals
47
Negative nitrogen balance typically occurs in what state
Physical and emotional stress. Infection, injury, debilitation, during starvation, or when the quality of the dietary protein is poor.
48
The percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions ( chicken breasts vs. chicken feet)
Biologic value
49
In ruminates the digestion of protein is facilitated by
Microbes
50
True or false Ruminants microbial metabolism stays consistent even with a low quality protein.
True
51
What is a fat soluble vitamin?
They must bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with the ingesta.
52
What is a water soluble vitamin ?
They are absorbed through the gut wall when water is absorbed in the GI tract.
53
Generated when carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are oxidized as part of normal metabolism. Potentially harmful to the body
Free radical
54
What vitamins are considered antioxidants?
Vitamins A,C,and E
55
What are minerals ?
Inorganic substances that are essential for life
56
Vitamins make up less than ___% of an animals body
4%
57
In stage 1 of catabolic metabolism what happens ?
Nutrient molecules are absorbed by the cells into the small intestine.
58
In Stage 2 of catabolic metabolism what happens and where does it occur?
It occurs in the cytosol. The process of anaerobic respiration occurs and catabolizes nutrients
59
In stage 3 of catabolic metabolism what happens and where does it occur?
It occurs in the mitochondria. Aerobic respiration here involves the attachment of an inorganic phosphate group (PO4) to a molecule of ADP to from ATP, used by the cell to carry energy
60
An enzymes name always ends in what
-ase
61
What process produces ammonia
Deamination

Vet Tech A & P (15 decks)

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