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Vet Tech A & P > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean for something to be fat soluble

A

It has to attach to a fat to be absorbed into the body

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2
Q

What nutrient is needed to make steroids

A

Cholesterol

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3
Q

True or false
Amino acids can be stored

A

False

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4
Q

An animal in critical care or surgery will need a ________ nitrogen balance

A

Positive

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5
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What are the 6 macro minerals

A

Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium

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7
Q

What word indicates the creation of substances

A

Anabolism

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8
Q

What word indicated the breaking down of substances ?

A

Catabolism

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9
Q

What are enzymes made of ?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What is a byproduct of lipid metabolism

A

Ketones

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11
Q

The end product of carbohydrates such as sugars, starches, and cellulose is

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Lipids are ______ in water

A

Insoluble

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13
Q

Lipids consists of

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

Neutral fats are rebuilt by what organ ?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What nutrient group is an important insulator when stored, help absorb fat soluble vitamins, protect and cushion vital organs.

A

Neutral fats

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16
Q

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins _______ energy

A

Produce

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17
Q

Water, vitamins, and minerals __________ energy

A

Do not produce

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18
Q

What are the six categories of nutrients ?

A

Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals

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19
Q

What is an essential amino acid in cats that is not in other mammals

A

Taurine

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20
Q

What category of carbohydrates contains monosaccharides and disaccharides

A

Sugars

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21
Q

What category of carbohydrates contains polysaccharides that come from grains, root veggies, and legumes

A

Starches

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22
Q

What categoryof carbohydrates contains polysaccharides that come from most vegetables

A

Cellulose

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23
Q

Glucose is readily used to make ATP through a process called

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

Glucose releasing hormones are secreted from what organ

A

Pancreas

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25
Q

Glucose that is not immediately used by cells is converted to ___________ and stored in the ________or converted to fat in adipose tissue

A

Glycogen , liver

26
Q

The building blocks for neutral fats are __________ and _________.

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

27
Q

Glycerol is a modified _______ _______.

A

Simple sugar

28
Q

Neutral fats are also called what ?

A

Triglycerides or triacylglycerols

29
Q

Carbohydrates are a major source for ______ and the ______

A

RBC and the brain

30
Q

The basic molecular component of Saturated fatty acids is

A

Single bonds between carbon atoms

31
Q

The basic molecular component of unsaturated fatty acids is

A

One or more double bonds between carbon atoms

32
Q

In all domestic species what essential fatty acid much be available in the diet

A

Linoleic acid

33
Q

Triglycerides are the major energy source for ________ and ________ _________ _______.

A

Hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells

34
Q

Phospholipids are modified _________ derived primarily from the cell membranes of plant and animal cells

A

Triglycerides

35
Q

What are some functions of water

A

Assist in temperature regulation, major component of blood, lubricant for body tissues .

36
Q

What are the four categories of lipids

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, other lipid substances

37
Q

Steroids and lipids are ___ shaped molecules

A

E

38
Q

Steroids include what

A

Cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, and hormones Released from the cortex and the adrenal gland

39
Q

The basic molecular component of steroids is ?

A

Steroids are composed of 4 flat, interlocking rings of hydrocarbons

40
Q

Proteins make up ___to ____ % of a cells mass

A

10-30%

41
Q

Amino acids Cannot be stored, what is not immediately used to make protein is…..

A

Oxidized to make energy or are converted to carbohydrates or fats.

42
Q

What amino acid is essential for birds but not other mammals

A

Glycine

43
Q

The rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss ( when the amount of nitrogen that ingested in the form of protein equals the amount of nitrogen that is excreted).

A

Nitrogen balance

44
Q

When the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy

A

Positive nitrogen balance

45
Q

When protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues

A

Negative nitrogen balance

46
Q

Positive nitrogen balance typically occurs in what state

A

During healing, pregnancy, growing animals

47
Q

Negative nitrogen balance typically occurs in what state

A

Physical and emotional stress. Infection, injury, debilitation, during starvation, or when the quality of the dietary protein is poor.

48
Q

The percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions ( chicken breasts vs. chicken feet)

A

Biologic value

49
Q

In ruminates the digestion of protein is facilitated by

A

Microbes

50
Q

True or false
Ruminants microbial metabolism stays consistent even with a low quality protein.

A

True

51
Q

What is a fat soluble vitamin?

A

They must bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with the ingesta.

52
Q

What is a water soluble vitamin ?

A

They are absorbed through the gut wall when water is absorbed in the GI tract.

53
Q

Generated when carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are oxidized as part of normal metabolism. Potentially harmful to the body

A

Free radical

54
Q

What vitamins are considered antioxidants?

A

Vitamins A,C,and E

55
Q

What are minerals ?

A

Inorganic substances that are essential for life

56
Q

Vitamins make up less than ___% of an animals body

A

4%

57
Q

In stage 1 of catabolic metabolism what happens ?

A

Nutrient molecules are absorbed by the cells into the small intestine.

58
Q

In Stage 2 of catabolic metabolism what happens and where does it occur?

A

It occurs in the cytosol. The process of anaerobic respiration occurs and catabolizes nutrients

59
Q

In stage 3 of catabolic metabolism what happens and where does it occur?

A

It occurs in the mitochondria. Aerobic respiration here involves the attachment of an inorganic phosphate group (PO4) to a molecule of ADP to from ATP, used by the cell to carry energy

60
Q

An enzymes name always ends in what

A

-ase

61
Q

What process produces ammonia

A

Deamination

Vet Tech A & P (15 decks)

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