Basic Bone Structure Flashcards
What are osteoblasts
Cells that produce bone
What are Osteocytes
Bone cells
What are osteoclasts
Cells that eat bone away where it is not needed
What is ossification
When osteoblasts harden the matrix, which create bone.
What are 4 functions of bones
Support
Protection
Leverage
Storage
Blood cell formation in the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
Sometimes called spongy bone. Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged with lots of spaces between them which are filled with bone marrow.
Cencellous bone
Very dense and strong bone. It makes up shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones. It is composed of tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone( Haversian systems).
Compact bone
Canals that run lengthwise of the bone and contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply osteocytes.
Haversian canal
Nutrient foramina
Large blood vessels that primarily carry blood into and out of the bone marrow
Tiny channels in the bone matrix that come in at right angles to the long axis of the bone and to Haversian canals
Volkmann’s canals
A method that forms bones by first creating cartilage that is basically a prototype of the bone that will eventually take place.
Endochondral bone formation
Where is the diaphysis of a bone
The middle
When the bone begins to develop in the shaft or diaphysis of the cartilage
Primary growth center
When a bone developes from the ends or the epiphyses of the cartilage or bone
Secondary growth center
Where are the epiphyses of the bone
The ends
Sites where the creation of new bones along the long bones to lengthen as the animal grows
Epiphyseal plates or growth plates
True or false
Epiphyseal plates or growth plates completely ossify when an animal has finished growing
True
Occurs in only certain skull bones. A process that creates the flat bones of the cranium, which surround the brain.
Intramembranous bone formation
What are the 4 basic shapes of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
What is red bone marrow and what does it do
Hematopoietic tissue ( blood forming tissue)
Forms blood cells
What does yellow bone marrow consist of
Consists of mostly adipose and connective tissue (fat)
True or false
Yellow bone marrow can NOT revert back to red bone marrow
False
What is the difference between a Haversian canal and a volksmanns canal ?
Haversian canals run parallel to the bone and are long/straight
Volksmann’s canals run perpendicular to Haversian canals at different angles
Joint surfaces
Articular surface
Usually a large round articular surface. Typically located at the distal end of a humerus and femur
Condyle articular surface
An articular surface that is somewhat spherical on a proximal end of a long bone
Head articular surface
A flat articular surface that allow joint movement between each other. Typically found among vertebrae and long bones such as the radius and ulna
Facet articular surface
A hole in a bone
Foramen or plural foramina
A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone, usually because they are occupied by muscles or tendons.
Fossa or plural, fassae
How many bones form the cranium
11
Bones of the ear =
Ossicles
Spine =
Vertebrae
The area of the spine located on the neck
Cervical vertebrae
The area of the spine located by the ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
The area of the spine located after the ribs and before the pelvis
Lumbar vertebrae
The area of the spine just above the pelvis and sacrum
Sacral vertebrae
The area of the spine, bones of the tail
Coccygeal vertebrae
The caudal most pelvic bone
Ischium
The cranial most bone of the pelvis
Ilium
The smallest of the three pelvic bones. Is located medially
Pubis
Antebrachium =
Forearm
In horses the carpus is referred to as the
Knee
Consists of bones that form in soft organs or viscera
Visceral skeleton
The bone in the heart of cattle and sheep and helps supports the valves of the heart
Os cordis
The anatomical term for fibrous joints is
Synarthroses
The anatomical term for Cartilaginous joints is
Amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous joints are capable of what movement
Only slight rocking movement
Fibrous joints are capable of what movement
None
The anatomical term for synovial joints is
Diarthroses
Synovial joints are capable of what movement
They are freely moveable
A fluid filled joint cavity
Joint capsule
Junctions between bones
Joints
Made up of bones of the main appendages of an animals body that is the limbs
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the skeleton that can be divided into two main groups: the bones of the head/truck. Located along the central axis of the body
Axial skeleton
Bones that resemble Sesame seeds
Sesamoid bones
The outer walls of the diaphysis of the bone
Bone cortex
Location where the brain and spinal cord connect
Medulla
Movement away from the medial plane
Abduction
The movement of an extremity towards the median plane
Adduction
The movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
Circumduction
Hinge joint =
Ginglymus joint
True or false the only movements possible for a hinge joint are flexion and extension
True
Gliding joint =
Arthrodial joint (rocking joint)
True or false
Gliding joints are NOT relatively flat
False
Gliding joint allow what movement
Flexion and extension but in some cases can allow some abduction and adduction
Pivot joint =
Trochoid joint
Also referred to as the no joint
Pivot joint
Pivot joints allow what movement
Rotation
Ball and socket joint =
Spheroidal jojnt
True or false
Ball and socket joints allow: flexion extension abduction adduction rotation and curcumduction
True
A horses splint bone is considered what digits ?
2 and 4
Cattle use which digits
3 and 4
Which hormone regulates and prevent hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone
Which joint or joints contain hyaline cartilage?
Synovial
Which joint is the Atlantoaxial joint
Gliding
