Nervous System Flashcards
True or false
Neurons do not regenerate
True
Neurons love what
Sugar (glucose)
The central nervous system consists of
Consists of sensory, motor, integration
Neurons =
Nerve cells
Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body towards another neuron
Axon
Receive stimuli or impulses from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the body cell
Dendrites
What nerves are part of the central nervous system
Spinal nerves
The cerebellum allows the body to what
Have coordinated movements, balance, posture, and complex reflexes.
What part of the brain solves problems
Cerebrum
What part of the Brain is responsible for coordination
Cerebellum
True or false
Axons can repair themselves
True
What do dendrites do
Receive stimuli, or impulses from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the cell body.
What do axons do
Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards another neuron
What protects and supports neurons
Neuroglia
What is a efferent process
Conduct impulses away from the cell body
What is afferent process
Conduct impulses toward the cell body
Nerve fibers =
Axons
(Mean the same thing)
Axons are often covered by a sheath of a fatty substance called what
Myelin
Nervous tissue that is made up of cell bodies and appears darker
Gray matter
Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons
White matter
Between the adjacent glial cells are small gaps in the myelin sheath called
Nodes of ranvier
True or false
Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses much slower than unmyelinated axons
False
(Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses much faster)
Name the parts of a neuron
From top to bottom:
Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Telodendron
Synaptic knobs
CNS Central Nervous system is composed of
The brain and the spinal cord
PNS Peripheral nervous system is composed of
Components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis outward, toward the periphery of the body.
Conscious or voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is referred to as a
Somatic nervous system function
An example of a somatic motor function would be
A dog turning it’s head when it’s name a called
An example of a somatic sensory function would be
Impulses being sent to CNS from receptors in the muscles, skin, eyes, or ears.
The part of the nervous system that controls and coordinates automatic functions is called
Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic motors nerves send impulses to
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Somatic motor and sensory nerves send impulses to
Skeletal muscle
What is a refractory period ?
The period of time a neuron can generate another impulse
The cell can absolutely not respond to a stimulus to depolarize again
Absolute refractory period
The cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity but may respond to strong stimuli
Relative refractory period
Rapid means of conducting an action potential when a depolarization wave jumps from one node of ranvier to another
Saltatory conduction
The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell
Synapse
The neuron bringing the nerve impulses to the synapse and releasing the chemical to stimulate the next cell is called
PreSynaptic neuron
The chemicals released by the presynaptic neuron is called
Neurotransmitters
The branched structure at the end of a neuron is called
Telodendron
During depolarization, what ion Chanels open up and what ion moves ? Where does it move
Na Chanel’s open up and flow into the cell creating a negative charge on the outside of the cell.
During repolarization, what Channels open and what ion moves? Where does it move?
Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and the potassium ions are pumped into the cell For an overall negative charge in the inside of the cell.
What normally maintains the resting membrane potential of a neuron during the resting state
Sodium potassium pump
A neurotransmitter and a receptor only have one match to bind to each other an analogy to describe this is
Lock an key
A neurotransmitter that can be excitatory and cause muscle fibers to contract or at the site where parasympathetic nerves synapse withe the heart and has a inhibitory effect that can cause a heart rate to slow down.
Acetylcholine
What are 3 neurotransmitters that belong to a group called catecholamines
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine
Norepinephrine is associated with
Arousal and fight or flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system.
Epinephrine
Role as a hormone in the fight or flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system
Dopamine
Found in the brain where it is involved with autonomic functions and muscle control
Where is the neurotransmitter GABA found in the body
Brain
Where is the neurotransmitter glycine found in the body
The spinal cord
This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
True or false
In myelinated neurons, sodium influx occurs only at the nodes of ranvier during depolarization
True
Cranial nerve I function(s) is/are
Smell
Cranial nerve II function(s) is/are
Vision
Cranial nerve VII function(s) is/are
Face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste
Cranial nerve X function(s) is/are
Sensory from gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tree; motor to the larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic; motor to the abdominal and thoracic regions
The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column by
Cerebrospinal fluid
Is a functional barrier separating the capillaries and the brain from the nervous tissue itself
Blood brain barrier
Serves as a nervous system passage way between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum.
Diencephalon
The hills and valleys of the brain
Gyri
The deep grooves bellow the hills and valleys on the brain are called
Sulci
Divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
The outermost superficial layer of the Brain
Cerebral cortex
A set of fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex
Corpus Callosum
If neurons in certain lobes of the cerebrum begin to fire rapidly as a result of drugs, cellular damage, or neurotransmitter imbalance, the animal can exhibit what?
Spontaneous movements, seizures, abnormal behaviors, or hallucinations.
What is the functional relationship between a neurotransmitter and a receptor
neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors like a lock and key
Damage or disease involving the cerebellum results in
Hypermetria
(Voluntary movements become jerky or exaggerated)
Part of the Diencephalon, acts as a relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Part of the Diencephalon, is an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Also plays a role in temp regulation, hunger, thirst.
Hypothalamus
Part of the Diencephalon, is the endocrine “master gland” that regulates production and release of hormones
Pituitary gland
The connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord. Is composed of the medulla, oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain
Brainstem
What is the brainstems role
To maintain basic support functions of the body, so it operates at the subconscious level. It is heavily involved in autonomic control functions like the heart, respiration, ect.
Tough fibrous layer of the meninges
Dura mater
The spiderweb like delicate layer of the meninges
Arachnoid
The very thin layer which lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column by a fluid called
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
How many nerves are in the peripheral nervous system that originate directly from the brain
12
caudal continuation of the brain stem, conducts sensory information and motor instructions between the brain and the periphery of the body.
Spinal cord
Often called then fight or flight system, the system that help the body cope with emergency situations
Sympathetic nervous system
Called the rest and restore system
Parasympathetic nervous system
A reflex involving contraction of the skeletal muscles
Somatic reflex
Reflex that regulates smooth, cardiac muscles, and endocrine glands.
Autonomic reflex
All reflexes have the same basic structure that originates from a sensory receptor, which detects a change in either the external environment or within the body which is called a
Reflex arc
Reflexes that start on the side and travel to the opposite side of the body are called
Contralateral reflexes
Reflexes that have the same stimulus response on each side of the body
Ipsilateral reflexes
Also called the flexor reflex, happens when you touch a stove or step on something sharp
Withdrawal reflex
When you step on a Lego and your other leg immediately take over the weight is what reflex
Crossed extensor reflex
Routinely used when assessing an animal for depth of anesthesia.
Pupillary light reflex PLR
