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Vet Tech A & P > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

True or false
Neurons do not regenerate

A

True

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2
Q

Neurons love what

A

Sugar (glucose)

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3
Q

The central nervous system consists of

A

Consists of sensory, motor, integration

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4
Q

Neurons =

A

Nerve cells

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5
Q

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body towards another neuron

A

Axon

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6
Q

Receive stimuli or impulses from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the body cell

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

What nerves are part of the central nervous system

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

The cerebellum allows the body to what

A

Have coordinated movements, balance, posture, and complex reflexes.

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9
Q

What part of the brain solves problems

A

Cerebrum

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10
Q

What part of the Brain is responsible for coordination

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

True or false
Axons can repair themselves

A

True

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12
Q

What do dendrites do

A

Receive stimuli, or impulses from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the cell body.

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13
Q

What do axons do

A

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards another neuron

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14
Q

What protects and supports neurons

A

Neuroglia

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15
Q

What is a efferent process

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body

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16
Q

What is afferent process

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

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17
Q

Nerve fibers =

A

Axons
(Mean the same thing)

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18
Q

Axons are often covered by a sheath of a fatty substance called what

A

Myelin

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19
Q

Nervous tissue that is made up of cell bodies and appears darker

A

Gray matter

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20
Q

Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons

A

White matter

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21
Q

Between the adjacent glial cells are small gaps in the myelin sheath called

A

Nodes of ranvier

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22
Q

True or false
Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses much slower than unmyelinated axons

A

False
(Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses much faster)

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23
Q

Name the parts of a neuron

A

From top to bottom:
Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Telodendron
Synaptic knobs

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24
Q

CNS Central Nervous system is composed of

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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25
Q

PNS Peripheral nervous system is composed of

A

Components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis outward, toward the periphery of the body.

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26
Q

Conscious or voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is referred to as a

A

Somatic nervous system function

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27
Q

An example of a somatic motor function would be

A

A dog turning it’s head when it’s name a called

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28
Q

An example of a somatic sensory function would be

A

Impulses being sent to CNS from receptors in the muscles, skin, eyes, or ears.

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29
Q

The part of the nervous system that controls and coordinates automatic functions is called

A

Autonomic nervous system

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30
Q

Autonomic motors nerves send impulses to

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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31
Q

Somatic motor and sensory nerves send impulses to

A

Skeletal muscle

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32
Q

What is a refractory period ?

A

The period of time a neuron can generate another impulse

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33
Q

The cell can absolutely not respond to a stimulus to depolarize again

A

Absolute refractory period

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34
Q

The cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity but may respond to strong stimuli

A

Relative refractory period

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35
Q

Rapid means of conducting an action potential when a depolarization wave jumps from one node of ranvier to another

A

Saltatory conduction

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36
Q

The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell

A

Synapse

37
Q

The neuron bringing the nerve impulses to the synapse and releasing the chemical to stimulate the next cell is called

A

PreSynaptic neuron

38
Q

The chemicals released by the presynaptic neuron is called

A

Neurotransmitters

39
Q

The branched structure at the end of a neuron is called

A

Telodendron

40
Q

During depolarization, what ion Chanels open up and what ion moves ? Where does it move

A

Na Chanel’s open up and flow into the cell creating a negative charge on the outside of the cell.

41
Q

During repolarization, what Channels open and what ion moves? Where does it move?

A

Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and the potassium ions are pumped into the cell For an overall negative charge in the inside of the cell.

42
Q

What normally maintains the resting membrane potential of a neuron during the resting state

A

Sodium potassium pump

43
Q

A neurotransmitter and a receptor only have one match to bind to each other an analogy to describe this is

A

Lock an key

44
Q

A neurotransmitter that can be excitatory and cause muscle fibers to contract or at the site where parasympathetic nerves synapse withe the heart and has a inhibitory effect that can cause a heart rate to slow down.

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

What are 3 neurotransmitters that belong to a group called catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine

46
Q

Norepinephrine is associated with

A

Arousal and fight or flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system.

47
Q

Epinephrine

A

Role as a hormone in the fight or flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

Dopamine

A

Found in the brain where it is involved with autonomic functions and muscle control

49
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter GABA found in the body

A

Brain

50
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter glycine found in the body

A

The spinal cord

51
Q

This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

52
Q

True or false
In myelinated neurons, sodium influx occurs only at the nodes of ranvier during depolarization

A

True

53
Q

Cranial nerve I function(s) is/are

A

Smell

54
Q

Cranial nerve II function(s) is/are

A

Vision

55
Q

Cranial nerve VII function(s) is/are

A

Face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste

56
Q

Cranial nerve X function(s) is/are

A

Sensory from gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tree; motor to the larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic; motor to the abdominal and thoracic regions

57
Q

The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column by

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

58
Q

Is a functional barrier separating the capillaries and the brain from the nervous tissue itself

A

Blood brain barrier

59
Q

Serves as a nervous system passage way between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum.

A

Diencephalon

60
Q

The hills and valleys of the brain

A

Gyri

61
Q

The deep grooves bellow the hills and valleys on the brain are called

A

Sulci

62
Q

Divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

63
Q

The outermost superficial layer of the Brain

A

Cerebral cortex

64
Q

A set of fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex

A

Corpus Callosum

65
Q

If neurons in certain lobes of the cerebrum begin to fire rapidly as a result of drugs, cellular damage, or neurotransmitter imbalance, the animal can exhibit what?

A

Spontaneous movements, seizures, abnormal behaviors, or hallucinations.

66
Q

What is the functional relationship between a neurotransmitter and a receptor

A

neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors like a lock and key

67
Q

Damage or disease involving the cerebellum results in

A

Hypermetria
(Voluntary movements become jerky or exaggerated)

68
Q

Part of the Diencephalon, acts as a relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

69
Q

Part of the Diencephalon, is an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Also plays a role in temp regulation, hunger, thirst.

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

Part of the Diencephalon, is the endocrine “master gland” that regulates production and release of hormones

A

Pituitary gland

71
Q

The connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord. Is composed of the medulla, oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain

A

Brainstem

72
Q

What is the brainstems role

A

To maintain basic support functions of the body, so it operates at the subconscious level. It is heavily involved in autonomic control functions like the heart, respiration, ect.

73
Q

Tough fibrous layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

74
Q

The spiderweb like delicate layer of the meninges

A

Arachnoid

75
Q

The very thin layer which lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

76
Q

The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column by a fluid called

A

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

77
Q

How many nerves are in the peripheral nervous system that originate directly from the brain

A

12

78
Q

caudal continuation of the brain stem, conducts sensory information and motor instructions between the brain and the periphery of the body.

A

Spinal cord

79
Q

Often called then fight or flight system, the system that help the body cope with emergency situations

A

Sympathetic nervous system

80
Q

Called the rest and restore system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

81
Q

A reflex involving contraction of the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflex

82
Q

Reflex that regulates smooth, cardiac muscles, and endocrine glands.

A

Autonomic reflex

83
Q

All reflexes have the same basic structure that originates from a sensory receptor, which detects a change in either the external environment or within the body which is called a

A

Reflex arc

84
Q

Reflexes that start on the side and travel to the opposite side of the body are called

A

Contralateral reflexes

85
Q

Reflexes that have the same stimulus response on each side of the body

A

Ipsilateral reflexes

86
Q

Also called the flexor reflex, happens when you touch a stove or step on something sharp

A

Withdrawal reflex

87
Q

When you step on a Lego and your other leg immediately take over the weight is what reflex

A

Crossed extensor reflex

88
Q

Routinely used when assessing an animal for depth of anesthesia.

A

Pupillary light reflex PLR

Vet Tech A & P (15 decks)

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