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GI System > Nutrient digestion > Flashcards

Nutrient digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Glucose

Galactose

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2
Q

Which two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

Glucose

Fructose

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3
Q

Which two monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

Glucose

Glucose

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4
Q

What are the two components of starch?

A

Alpha amylose

Amylopectin

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5
Q

Describe the structure of Alpha amylose.

A

Straight chain

a1-4 glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin.

A

Highly branched

a1-6 glycosidic bonds link the a-amylose chains

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7
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose.

A

Straight chain glucose polymers

Unbranched

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8
Q

How is cellulose digested?

A

Must be digested by bacteria as cellulase is not expressed in animals

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9
Q

Describe the surface structure of the small intestine.

A

Covered in villi
Columnar epithelial cells
Apical membrane gives increased surface area for absorption

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10
Q

What is a challenge of transporting across the small intestine wall?

A

Trans-epithelial transport

Must get through both the apical and the basal-lateral membrane

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11
Q

What is the function of the SGLT1 transporter?

A

Uses Na+ gradient created by Na/K-ATPase to transport glucose against concentration gradient

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12
Q

What is the function of the GLUT-2 transporter

A

Works in the basal-lateral membrane to move glucose into blood

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13
Q

What is the function of the GLUT-5 transporter?

A

Transports fructose in the small intestine

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14
Q

What is the difference between endopeptidases and exopeptidases?

A

Endopeptidases work on interior of peptide chain

Exopeptidases only work on terminal peptides

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15
Q

How are amino acids transported?

A

Uses Na+ gradient created by Na/K pump to transport amino acid against concentration gradient

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16
Q

How are dipeptides transported?

A

Sodium hydrogen pumps Na in and pumps H out

PepT1 uses H gradient to bring in dipeptide

17
Q

What is the primary source of fat digestion in children?

A

Lingual lipase (fat soluble)

18
Q

What is the primary source of fat digestion in adults?

A 
Pancreatic lipase (water soluble)
Since pancreatic lipase is not fat soluble it can only act on the outside of the molecule
19
Q

What are some ways we help pancreatic lipase digest fat?

A

Smooth muscle contracts to mix fats and disrupt larger molecules
Bile salts and phospholipids are amphipathic and act as emulsifying agents

20
Q

What are micelles?

A

Micelles are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions
Used to transport digested lipids
Like an extra secure taxi
Too big to enter cells

21
Q

How are fatty acids and monoglycerides sorted in the cytoplasm

A

Taken up by smooth ER
Triacylglycerol reformed
Coated with amphipathic proteins to not gum up the sER
Taken through golgi apparatus in vesicles to the BL membrane
Exocytosed as chylomicrons

22
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

23
Q

How do chylomicrons enter circulation?

A

Cannot enter capillaries so must go through lymphatic system

Lacteal in villi
Right lymphatic duct
SVC
Circulatory system

24
Q

Which vitamins follow the same pathway as fats as they are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

25
Q

Which vitamins either follow passive transport or have transporters as they are not fat soluble?

A

B, C, Folic acid

26
Q

How is Vitamin B12 processed?

A

Binds to intrinsic factor
This complex is recognised and taken up in the distal ileum
Stored in liver

27
Q

What is one thing B12 is essential for?

A

Maturing red blood cells

28
Q

How may a gastrectomy affect vitamin absorption?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor reduces B12 absorption

29
Q

How is iron processed?

A

Transported using DMT1 (H+ dependent so needs acid microclimate)
Incorporated into ferritin
Iron in blood binds to transferrin
Too much iron in blood can lead to black stool

GI System (20 decks)

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