Colorectal cancer

Question 1

Which test is used to screen colorectal cancer?

Answer 1

qFIT

Quantitative faecal immunochemical test

Question 2

What are some factors which contribute to anorectal continence?

Answer 2

Anatomy
Rectal compliance
Stool consistency
Central control
Anorectal sensation

Question 3

What are some anatomical factors in anorectal continence?

Answer 3

Puborectalis sling
Sphincter complex
Anal cushions

Question 4

What is the overall 10ys for CRC?

Answer 4

59.9%

Question 5

How may CRC present?

Answer 5

Colicky abdominal pain
Rectal bleeding
Change in bowel habits
Weight loss
Tenesmus
Fatigue 
Vomiting

Question 6

List some useful investigations for CRC?

Answer 6

Colonoscopy w/ biopsy
CT colonography
Plain CT
Pre-op MRI in confirmed rectal cancer

Question 7

What are some considerations for surgical solutions for CRC?

Answer 7

Resection
Restore intestinal continuity
Faecal diversion (stoma)
Preservation of function

Question 8

What are some types of polyp which may be found on CRC colonoscopy?

Answer 8

Familial adenomatous polyposis
Giant polyp
Pre-dunculated polyp
Flat polyp

Question 9

Do a majority of CRC’s develop from an adenomatous polyp?

Answer 9

Yes

Almost all of them

Question 10

What is the aim of screening for CRC?

Answer 10

Detect polyp before progression to carcinoma

Question 11

Which side of the bowel are most tumours found?

Answer 11

Left

Question 12

Where does lymph drain from in the rectum?

Answer 12

The fatty envelope called the “mesorectum”

Question 13

What is bowel/intestinal anastomosis?

Answer 13

Surgical procedure performed to establish communication between two formerly distant portions of the intestine. This procedure restores intestinal continuity after removal of a pathological condition affecting the bowel

Question 14

List some possible complications from CRC surgery?

Answer 14

Bleeding
Infection
Anastomotic leak
Stoma problems such as ischaemia, retraction or prolapse

Question 15

What is a possible consequence of untreated complete bowel obstruction?

Answer 15

Ischaemia from pressure

Question 16

What is Hartmann’s procedure?

Answer 16

Sigmoid colectomy without anastomosis

Question 17

What causes 60% of large bowel obstructions?

Answer 17

Malignancy

Question 18

What are some benign causes of large bowel obstruction?

Answer 18

Stricture
Volvulus
Faecal impaction
Intussception
Pseudo-obstruction

Question 19

What is tenesmus?

Answer 19

A continual or recurrent inclination to evacuate the bowels, caused by disorder of the rectum or other illness

Question 20

What is volvulus?

Answer 20

A loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction

Question 21

What is intussception?

Answer 21

one segment of intestine “telescopes” inside of another, causing an intestinal obstruction

Question 22

What are some main causes of small bowel obstruction?

Answer 22

Adhesions

Hernia