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GI System > Grand tour of the alimentary canal > Flashcards

Grand tour of the alimentary canal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the alimentary canal?

A

Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility

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2
Q

Give an example of how digestion may be used to control osmolarity.

A

1000 glucose chain has same osmolarity as glucose monomer
Immediate breakdown of the chain massively changes osmolarity as there is 1000 fold increase in number of dissolved particles in the solution
Particles must be broken down gradually

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3
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A

Chews and lubricates food

Starts digestion with lingual lipase and salivary amylase

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4
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Conduit between mouth and stomach

Works both ways

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5
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

HCl digests protein
Stores food
Neutralises microbes in food
Food is reduced to liquid

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6
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs and proteins

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7
Q

What digestive function does the liver serve?

A

Produces bile salts for digesting fats

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8
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

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9
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Final stage for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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10
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption
Bacterial fermentation
Formation of faeces

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11
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of the gut tube wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the submucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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13
Q

What is the difference between the 2 layers of the muscularis externa?

A

The inside layer of fibres wrap around the tube

Outside layer runs along the tube

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14
Q

What does the duodenum secrete?

A

Bicarbonate to neutralise acid coming out of the stomach

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15
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the mouth, oesophagus and anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous

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16
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

17
Q

What does the lamina propria consist of?

A

Loose connective tissue

18
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A 
Thick irregular connective tissue
Neurones
Blood vessels
Submucosal plexus
Submucosal glands present in oesophagus and duodenum
19
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions of adjacent muscles which moves food along the digestive tract

20
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Non-adjacent segments of alimentary canal contract and relax, moving food forward and back to break it down and mix it

21
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the alimentary canal?

A

Increases secretion and motility

22
Q

How is the alimentary canal mostly innervated?

A

Vagus nerve, parasympathetic is king

Except for salivation which is controlled by CN VII and CN IX

23
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation?

A

Decreases secretion and motility

24
Q

What is the venous drainage of the stomach?

A

Gastric veins

25
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

26
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Moves blood from spleen and gut into liver

27
Q

What is the venous drainage of the liver?

A

Hepatic vein

28
Q

Do the gut and liver run in series or parallel?

A

Series

29
Q

Which areas of the GI tract are drained by the superior mesenteric vein?

A

Small intestine

Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon

30
Q

Which areas of the GI tract are drained by the inferior mesenteric vein?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

31
Q

What does the jejunum do?

A

Responsible for about 95% of nutrient absorption

Usually empty

32
Q

What is the duodenum responsible for?

A

NaCl/H2O reabsorption

33
Q

What are plicae?

A

Corkscrew pattern of grooves aids mixing and contact with gut wall for foodstuffs

34
Q

Describe the water secretion of the small intestine

A

Secretes about 1.5 litres per day
Comes from crypts of Lieberkuhn
Dilutes and washes away potentially injurious substances

35
Q

What does adenylate cyclase do?

A

Regulates water secretion

Doesn’t work properly in CF

GI System (20 decks)

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