Number Concept (L6)

Question 1

what is meant by number concept in psychology?

Answer 1

numerosity, counting and arithmetic.

Question 2

German and Gallistel created what?

Answer 2

the 5 counting principle

Question 3

what are the 5 principles?

Answer 3

one to one principle, stable order principle, cardinal principle, order irrelevance principle, abstraction principle

Question 4

what is one to one principle ?

Answer 4

one tag or counting word for each item in the set

Question 5

what is the stable order principle?

Answer 5

tags must be used in the same way e.g. 123 not 132

Question 6

what is the cardinal principle?

Answer 6

the tag of the final object in the set represents the total numberof items. e.g. two represents two separate entities

Question 7

what is the order of relevance principle?

Answer 7

result the same regardless of the order you count items

Question 8

what is the abstraction principle?

Answer 8

these principles can be applied to any collection of objects.

Question 9

at what age are the 5 principle achievable?

Answer 9

5 yrs old sometimes by 3.

Question 10

German and Meck tested 3-5 year olds how/

Answer 10

one to one, stable order and cardinal. children monitor the performance of puppet.

Question 11

german and meck; one to one trial

Answer 11

correct trial but in error trial they skipped or doubled a number and then in pseduoerror they still followed principles.

Question 12

German and Meck- stable order trial

Answer 12

correct trial and incorrect trial the numbers were reversed or in a random order.

Question 13

german and meck- cardinal trial

Answer 13

correct and then in error minused one of the totla or refered to by colours.

Question 14

what are the results of German and Meck’s study

Answer 14

found that detecting error rates where really high for all ages but children tended to do better when they are 4-5 rather than 3.

Question 15

german and meck concluded that young children…

Answer 15

could understand principles even though they cannot articulate

Question 16

barody (1984) tested for what in 5-7 yr olds

Answer 16

tests order irrelevance and cardinality.

Question 17

what is the procedure of barody’s experiment?

Answer 17

children count themselves, shown 8 items, then asked can you make 1 this number and if they think they can count to 8 the other way. if they did the children would know it would be 8 items.

Question 18

what were the results of barody’s experiment

Answer 18

only 45% of 5 yr olds but 84% of 7 yr olds could predict.

Question 19

Who replicated barody’s study?

Answer 19

gelam, meck and merkin

Question 20

what is gelman, meck and merkins study about?

Answer 20

did talking effect the childrens orginal performance, replicated barody’s study but allowed to cont 3x and asked if they could start with N.
Found that if you ask them to count 3 times or change the question number of children correct increases.

Question 21

what is an N task or knower levels task?

Answer 21

children asked to give a certain number of items to the experiment. sub set knowers refers to how many objects a child can give you.

Question 22

how do they use habituation to study number counting?

Answer 22

habituate the child to 8 dots and change to 3 dots if suprised/preferred suggests they understand the difference in the dots.

Question 23

Xu and Spelke found that 6 month olds can discriminate between what number of dots

Answer 23

8 and 16 dots

Question 24

however, Xu and Selke found that what ratios can the infants discriminate between

Answer 24

1:2 ration but 3:2 ratio they cannot do.

Question 25

Wynn conducted a looking time procedure how…

Answer 25

removed and added puppets to a stage, if the infants looked longer at the incorrect results suggests a basic understanding of addition

Question 26

Wynn showed the sum 1+1 = 2 or 3 which one did the infants prefer?

Answer 26

preferred 3 as they say it violated their expectations- suggesting 5 month olds can calculate simple arithmetics.

Question 27

who replicated Wynn’s study?

Answer 27

wakeley

Question 28

what was wakeley’s study and findings?

Answer 28

replicated wynn’s study but did the subtraction counterpart 3-1 = 2 or 1. they found no preference and revised wynn’s literature and found inconsistent results.

Question 29

feignenson et al (2004) reported that representing numercial magnitudes in the brain is associated with what brain area?

Answer 29

bilateral horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus.

Question 30

(feignenson et al) found that lesions in the IPS is associated with

Answer 30

acalculia.

Question 31

who proposed that parent talk of numbers had an impact on development on numerical concept

Answer 31

gunderson and levine (2011)

Question 32

what did gunderson & levine (2011) find about the influence of parent talk

Answer 32

within the study it was found that the amount of talk parents devoted to counting and labels especially higher sets of numbers is predictive of cardinal-number knowledge.

Question 33

(gunderson and levine 2011) what is the bootstrapping thoery

Answer 33

the small-exact-number is the critical component- that we must first learn mapping betweeen number words.