Number Concept (L6) Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by number concept in psychology?

A

numerosity, counting and arithmetic.

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2
Q

German and Gallistel created what?

A

the 5 counting principle

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3
Q

what are the 5 principles?

A

one to one principle, stable order principle, cardinal principle, order irrelevance principle, abstraction principle

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4
Q

what is one to one principle ?

A

one tag or counting word for each item in the set

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5
Q

what is the stable order principle?

A

tags must be used in the same way e.g. 123 not 132

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6
Q

what is the cardinal principle?

A

the tag of the final object in the set represents the total numberof items. e.g. two represents two separate entities

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7
Q

what is the order of relevance principle?

A

result the same regardless of the order you count items

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8
Q

what is the abstraction principle?

A

these principles can be applied to any collection of objects.

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9
Q

at what age are the 5 principle achievable?

A

5 yrs old sometimes by 3.

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10
Q

German and Meck tested 3-5 year olds how/

A

one to one, stable order and cardinal. children monitor the performance of puppet.

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11
Q

german and meck; one to one trial

A

correct trial but in error trial they skipped or doubled a number and then in pseduoerror they still followed principles.

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12
Q

German and Meck- stable order trial

A

correct trial and incorrect trial the numbers were reversed or in a random order.

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13
Q

german and meck- cardinal trial

A

correct and then in error minused one of the totla or refered to by colours.

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14
Q

what are the results of German and Meck’s study

A

found that detecting error rates where really high for all ages but children tended to do better when they are 4-5 rather than 3.

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15
Q

german and meck concluded that young children…

A

could understand principles even though they cannot articulate

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16
Q

barody (1984) tested for what in 5-7 yr olds

A

tests order irrelevance and cardinality.

17
Q

what is the procedure of barody’s experiment?

A

children count themselves, shown 8 items, then asked can you make 1 this number and if they think they can count to 8 the other way. if they did the children would know it would be 8 items.

18
Q

what were the results of barody’s experiment

A

only 45% of 5 yr olds but 84% of 7 yr olds could predict.

19
Q

Who replicated barody’s study?

A

gelam, meck and merkin

20
Q

what is gelman, meck and merkins study about?

A

replicated baroody’s study, investigated how task affects performance. Changed by added a 3x count, or altered question how many will there be? or what will you get?

21
Q

what is an N task or knower levels task?

A

children asked to give a certain number of items to the experiment. sub set knowers refers to how many objects a child can give you.

22
Q

how do they use habituation to study number counting?

A

habituate the child to 8 dots and change to 3 dots if suprised/preferred suggests they understand the difference in the dots.

23
Q

Xu and Spelke found that 6 month olds can discriminate between what number of dots

A

8 and 16 dots

24
Q

however, Xu and Selke found that what ratios can the infants discriminate between

A

1:2 ration but 3:2 ratio they cannot do.

25
Q

Wynn conducted a looking time procedure how…

A

removed and added puppets to a stage, if the infants looked longer at the incorrect results suggests a basic understanding of addition

26
Q

Wynn showed the sum 1+1 = 2 or 3 which one did the infants prefer?

A

preferred 3 as they say it violated their expectations- suggesting 5 month olds can calculate simple arithmetics.

27
Q

who replicated Wynn’s study?

A

wakeley

28
Q

what was wakeley’s study and findings?

A

replicated wynn’s study but did the subtraction counterpart 3-1 = 2 or 1. they found no preference and revised wynn’s literature and found inconsistent results.

29
Q

feignenson et al (2004) reported that representing numercial magnitudes in the brain is associated with what brain area?

A

bilateral horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus.

30
Q

(feignenson et al) found that lesions in the IPS is associated with

A

acalculia.

31
Q

who proposed that parent talk of numbers had an impact on development on numerical concept

A

gunderson and levine (2011)

32
Q

what did gunderson & levine (2011) find about the influence of parent talk

A

within the study it was found that the amount of talk parents devoted to counting and labels especially higher sets of numbers is predictive of cardinal-number knowledge.

33
Q

(gunderson and levine 2011) what is the bootstrapping thoery

A

the small-exact-number is the critical component- that we must first learn mapping betweeen number words.

34
Q

what were the results of gelman et al (1986)?

A

increased correct answers with both the factors.

35
Q

what is the empiricism approach to number concept?

A

knowledge from experience, gradual development of number concept.

36
Q

what is the nativism approach to number concept?

A

innate understanding of number concept, born with an understanding.

37
Q

What was Wynn’s response and explanation for the differences in performance between wakeley and wynn.

A

procedural differences affceted the attentiveness for example computer program versus experimenter.

38
Q

what is the number concept?

A

numerosity, couning and arithmetic.