lecture 7- social learning and social development

Question 1

learning is the result of what interaction?

Answer 1

between a child and knowledgeable individual.

Question 2

what does culture and language provide for interactions?

Answer 2

culture provides context and lamguage is how infomration is spread and shared.

Question 3

vygotsky insisted on considering what as an essential part of development?

Answer 3

culture- we cannot consider development from an isolated perspective so we are missing out on so much, cognition, memory and attention are not individual characteristics.

Question 4

what is the zone of proximal development (vygotsky)

Answer 4

difference between actual preformance and potential performance- a competent adult can help the child to achieve their potential.

Question 5

what is the importance of external monologue (language and thought)

Answer 5

this is how thoughts become organised, alongisde behaviour, internalised to become inner speech.

Question 6

bruner and scaffolding- gave what 5 stages of how knowledge is spread to a child

Answer 6

1. recruitment, 2. reduction of degrees of freedom, 3. direct maintenace, 4. marking critical features, 5. demonstration.

Question 7

many behaviours that distinguish us from animals are supported by what?

Answer 7

social learning- culture including music, tools and technology.

Question 8

why are there differences between animals and humans (emulation and imitation)?

Answer 8

animasl emulate- end-results: animals are able to get to the end result on their own whilst children imitate so actions and end-results- children copy adults to get to an end-result.

Question 9

what is the cultural intelligence hypothesis?

Answer 9

humans evolved special social cognitive skills- relies on input from demonstrator and observer.

Question 10

what is shared intentionality as a part of the cultural intelligence hypothesis?

Answer 10

naturally tend to want to share information with others to combine efforts for a common goal.

Question 11

lyons et al (2007) overimitation

Answer 11

a child will copy an adults actions even the useless ones that arent necessary to get to the goal asked so this is overimitation.

Question 12

who conducted the mirror test?

Answer 12

lewis & Brokks-gunn (1979)

Question 13

what is the mirror test?

Answer 13

16 infants compared rouge and non rouge- when will the child realise that they have a red dot on their nnose. the difference crops up at 21-24 months- when they touch their noses recognising themselves.

Question 14

who studied a temporal sense of self?

Answer 14

povinelli et al (1996)

Question 15

How does one study the temporal sense of self in infants?

Answer 15

sticker unobtrusively on their head, show videos of them having stickers on their head- d they think they have it on now. 3 & 4 years recognised they have one on their head but the younger children did not.

Question 16

what is person permenance?

Answer 16

internal representation of a social being and it was studied by lewis & brookes-gunn 1979

Question 17

what was found in lewis & brookes-gunn 1979

Answer 17

social dimensions, in teh first year of life children learnt o discriminate people based on familiarity at 7months, age at 6-12months and gender at 9-12 months.

Question 18

what are the primary emotions as studied by Izard et al 1987?

Answer 18

happiness, interest, anger and sadness.

Question 19

by 7 months Izard et al found that by 7 months infants experience what emotions?

Answer 19

fear responses, anger vs pain

Question 20

by 2-3 years secondary emotions develop what are they?

Answer 20

embarrassment, pride and shame. fear + hate = envy

Question 21

what is social referencing?

Answer 21

when people gauge response from care-giver before reacting- we use referencing to understand social situations and how to navigate them

Question 22

what is the glass cliff experiment?

Answer 22

studies the social referencing effect in infants, infants placed on a board where there is a significant drop visually but it is covered by glass but they have to cross it in order for the toy so, they are hesitant but if the mother is similing at them then the child will go across compared to if the mother shows fear.

Question 23

what is emotional intelligence?

Answer 23

learn to regulate emotion, emotion regulation and social competence are intelerlinked research has suggested that the more accurate you are the better accepted you are by peers

Question 24

emotional intelligence is linked to what brain area?

Answer 24

linked to maturation in the pre-frontal cortex.