lecture 8- prosocial behaviour and moral reasoning

Question 1

what is eisenberg et al 2006’s description of prosociality

Answer 1

voluntarily behaviour intended to benefit another.

Question 2

define altruism

Answer 2

motivated purely to help another at the cost of oneself

Question 3

define prosociality

Answer 3

pattern of behaviour that occurs regardless of motivation.

Question 4

what does evolutionary roots suggest about prosociality?

Answer 4

increase of survival of kin so more likely to assist genetically related individuals.

Question 5

who supported the evolutionary perspective of prosocial

Answer 5

eisenberg 1983 found that 7-17 year olds were more likely to help friends and family and those with similar background.

Question 6

is prosocial behaviour innate or learned

Answer 6

there is some evidence to suggest it is seen at an ealry age including twin studeis but we also know that parents and attachment types impact prosocial behavour.

Question 7

dahl et al 2017- foudn that what increases prosocial behaviour

Answer 7

explicit scaffolding (provide gudance and support to help them learn a new skill).

Question 8

who conducted an experiment into the roles of modelling on prosocial behaviour?

Answer 8

schumacher et al 2018

Question 9

what did schumacher et al 2018 find?

Answer 9

observing helpful behaviour increases prosocial behaviour in infants- more likley to donate when they watch the model donate.

Question 10

what is the issues with schumacher et al 2018’s study?

Answer 10

deception, is it really measuring prosocial behaviour- no effect of modelling after a 3 week follow up- were they just modelling expectations

Question 11

how did zachary et al 1985’s findings challenge schumacher et al 2018

Answer 11

found that older children were only affect by experimenter influence rather than peer influence.

Question 12

observation

zahn-wader et al 2001 found what regarding the relationship between mothers and infants

Answer 12

mothers responses to events in which negative emotions are expressed found that there is an increase in empathy with age.

Question 13

observation

what did parents report in harmond and bromwell 2018’s study

Answer 13

parents reported helping behaviour in 1-4 year olds, found that helping increases with age.

Question 14

warnecken and tomasello 2006 study did what

Answer 14

24 18m olds in 10 different situations in which an adult has trouble with a goal.

Question 15

warnecken and tomasello 2006- results were what

Answer 15

6 of 10 tasks infants helped, 22 out of 24 helped out on at least 1. 84% within intial 10s never verbally prodded.

Question 16

factors

what do mothers do when a child is helpful

Answer 16

less likely to not respond when a child is helpful and for the opposite they tend to do moral extortation.

Question 17

factors

what is the role of parents in helping behaviour within children

Answer 17

secure attachment is associated with higher empahty. thereofre parents who are empathetic tend to encourage empathy.

Question 18

what is the role of perspective taking and emotional regulation in prosocial behaviour?

Answer 18

the prosocial behaviour may be because they are upset when someone else is upset- when young their is a montage effect.

Question 19

what was piaget’s theory

Answer 19

children understood rules of the game which corresponds to rules of socety.

Question 20

what are the 3 stages of understanding ?

Answer 20

premoral (up to 4), moral realism (4-10) rules come from higher authority, moral subjectivism (10+).

Question 21

what was the results of piaget’s dilemma method?

Answer 21

up to 9/10 children judge based on amount of damage and not motive

Question 22

who expanded on piaget’s theory by writing new dilemmas

Answer 22

kohlberg.