lecture 8- prosocial behaviour and moral reasoning

Question 1

what is eisenberg et al 2006’s description of prosociality

Answer 1

voluntarily behaviour intended to benefit another.

Question 2

define altruism

Answer 2

motivated purely to help another at the cost of oneself

Question 3

define prosociality

Answer 3

pattern of behaviour that occurs regardless of motivation.

Question 4

what does evolutionary roots suggest about prosociality?

Answer 4

increase of survival of kin so more likely to assist genetically related individuals.

Question 5

who supported the evolutionary perspective of prosocial

Answer 5

eisenberg 1983 found that 7-17 year olds were more likely to help friends and family and those with similar background.

Question 6

is prosocial behaviour innate or learned

Answer 6

there is some evidence to suggest it is seen at an ealry age including twin studeis but we also know that parents and attachment types impact prosocial behavour.

Question 7

dahl et al 2017- foudn that what increases prosocial behaviour

Answer 7

explicit scaffolding (provide gudance and support to help them learn a new skill).

Question 8

who conducted an experiment into the roles of modelling on prosocial behaviour?

Answer 8

schumacher et al 2018

Question 9

what did schumacher et al 2018 find?

Answer 9

observing helpful behaviour increases prosocial behaviour in infants- more likley to donate when they watch the model donate.

Question 10

what is the issues with schumacher et al 2018’s study?

Answer 10

deception, is it really measuring prosocial behaviour- no effect of modelling after a 3 week follow up- were they just modelling expectations

Question 11

how did zachary et al 1985’s findings challenge schumacher et al 2018

Answer 11

found that older children were only affect by experimenter influence rather than peer influence.

Question 12

observation

zahn-wader et al 2001 found what regarding the relationship between mothers and infants

Answer 12

mothers responses to events in which negative emotions are expressed found that there is an increase in empathy with age.

Question 13

observation

what did parents report in harmond and bromwell 2018’s study

Answer 13

parents reported helping behaviour in 1-4 year olds, found that helping increases with age.

Question 14

warnecken and tomasello 2006 study did what

Answer 14

24 18m olds in 10 different situations in which an adult has trouble with a goal.

Question 15

warnecken and tomasello 2006- results were what

Answer 15

6 of 10 tasks infants helped, 22 out of 24 helped out on at least 1. 84% within intial 10s never verbally prodded.

Question 16

factors

what do mothers do when a child is helpful

Answer 16

less likely to not respond when a child is helpful and for the opposite they tend to do moral extortation.

Question 17

factors

what is the role of parents in helping behaviour within children

Answer 17

secure attachment is associated with higher empahty. thereofre parents who are empathetic tend to encourage empathy.

Question 18

what is the role of perspective taking and emotional regulation in prosocial behaviour?

Answer 18

the prosocial behaviour may be because they are upset when someone else is upset- when young their is a montage effect.

Question 19

what was piaget’s theory

Answer 19

children understood rules of the game which corresponds to rules of socety.

Question 20

what are the 3 stages of understanding ?

Answer 20

premoral (up to 4), moral realism (4-10) rules come from higher authority, moral subjectivism (10+).

Question 21

what was the results of piaget’s dilemma method?

Answer 21

up to 9/10 children judge based on amount of damage and not motive

Question 22

who expanded on piaget’s theory by writing new dilemmas

Answer 22

kohlberg.

Question 23

how did kurtines and Grief (1974) criticise kohlberg’s level of moral reasoning?

Answer 23

dilemmas not assured to measure the same things, questioning the validity of the scale.

Question 24

the cultural biases surrounding kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 24

snarey 1985- suggested a cultural bias on kohlberg’s study as within 27 cultures found that stage 5 was more centered towards urban societies.

Question 25

gillian 1982 suggested the gender bias behind both kohlberg and piaget’s moral reasoning.

Answer 25

suggested that women would answer differently to men as they are more impacted by others problems- more concerned.

Question 26

methodological problems with kohlberg problems?

Answer 26

articificial experiment- not reliable- lacks ecological validity- not a real life problem.

Question 27

what are the design critiques of piaget’s study

Answer 27

unequal damage, vague bad intentions and memory demands are too high.

Question 28

how did semtana 1985 criticise piaget regading the ages of the stages of moral reasoning?

Answer 28

2-5 year olds able to differntiate between violation of social and moral conventions.

Question 29

harmond and bromwell reported that parents reported what about 1-4 year olds

Answer 29

helping increases with age.

Question 30

zahn-waxler et al 2001- 14-36 month olds where reported by mothers to what increasing with age

Answer 30

empathy- mothers report responses to negative emotions.

Question 31

to support the evolutionary aspec trevatheran and longotheti suggest 1989 what?

Answer 31

born with motivation to develop prosocial behaviour- strategies to survival

Question 32

within shcumacher et al 2018 study suggested that young adolescents were more affected by what then the modelling

Answer 32

experimenter influence

Question 33

kohlbergs level of reasoning had what three levels to it?

Answer 33

preconventional, conventional, post conventional.

Question 34

gillian 1982 proposed what criticism towards both piaget and kohlberg

Answer 34

gender bias- studied male mortality, suggested that women would have responded differently, for example women more concerned about impact of behaviour.

Question 35

snarey et al criticised kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning how?

Answer 35

reviewed 27 cultures and found that stage 5 of his theory was more tailored towards urban societies.

Question 36

more methodological criticisims of kohlbergs theory

Answer 36

artificial so it was not reliable.

Question 37

kurtines and grief (1974) suggested what about kohlbergs thoery

Answer 37

that the dilemmas did not assure to measure the same thing- question the validity of the scale

Question 38

what were the design criticisms of piagets thoery of moral reasoning

Answer 38

unequal damage, vague bad intentions and memory demands were too high for children.

Question 39

what research criticisied piagets theory of moral reasoning?

Answer 39

smetana 1985- 2-5 ear olds able to differentiate between social and moral conventions being violated.

Question 40

what did trevarthen and logotheti 1989 fidn that supports the evolutionary evidence for prosociality.

Answer 40

born with motivation to develop prosocial behaviour- strategies for survival.

Question 41

what were the two observational studies that report parent opinions on childs development?

Answer 41

harmond & bromwell 2018, zahn-waxler et al 2001

Question 42

harmond and bromwell 2018- reported what about parents

Answer 42

parents said that 1-4 year olds found an increase in helping behaviour.

Question 43

zahn-waxler et al 2001- found mothers reported what?

Answer 43

14-36m, mothers responses to negative emotions found that empathy increased with age.

Question 44

evidence against schumacher et al’ 2018 findings of modelling on behaviour.

Answer 44

zarabatany et al 1985 found that experimenter influence had more impact than modelling as age increased.