lecture 8- prosocial behaviour and moral reasoning Flashcards
what is eisenberg et al 2006’s description of prosociality
voluntarily behaviour intended to benefit another.
define altruism
motivated purely to help another at the cost of oneself
define prosociality
pattern of behaviour that occurs regardless of motivation.
what does evolutionary roots suggest about prosociality?
increase of survival of kin so more likely to assist genetically related individuals.
who supported the evolutionary perspective of prosocial
eisenberg 1983 found that 7-17 year olds were more likely to help friends and family and those with similar background.
is prosocial behaviour innate or learned
there is some evidence to suggest it is seen at an ealry age including twin studeis but we also know that parents and attachment types impact prosocial behavour.
dahl et al 2017- foudn that what increases prosocial behaviour
explicit scaffolding (provide gudance and support to help them learn a new skill).
who conducted an experiment into the roles of modelling on prosocial behaviour?
schumacher et al 2018
what did schumacher et al 2018 find?
observing helpful behaviour increases prosocial behaviour in infants- more likley to donate when they watch the model donate.
what is the issues with schumacher et al 2018’s study?
deception, is it really measuring prosocial behaviour- no effect of modelling after a 3 week follow up- were they just modelling expectations
how did zachary et al 1985’s findings challenge schumacher et al 2018
found that older children were only affect by experimenter influence rather than peer influence.
observation
zahn-wader et al 2001 found what regarding the relationship between mothers and infants
mothers responses to events in which negative emotions are expressed found that there is an increase in empathy with age.
observation
what did parents report in harmond and bromwell 2018’s study
parents reported helping behaviour in 1-4 year olds, found that helping increases with age.
warnecken and tomasello 2006 study did what
24 18m olds in 10 different situations in which an adult has trouble with a goal.
warnecken and tomasello 2006- results were what
6 of 10 tasks infants helped, 22 out of 24 helped out on at least 1. 84% within intial 10s never verbally prodded.
factors
what do mothers do when a child is helpful
less likely to not respond when a child is helpful and for the opposite they tend to do moral extortation.
factors
what is the role of parents in helping behaviour within children
secure attachment is associated with higher empahty. thereofre parents who are empathetic tend to encourage empathy.
what is the role of perspective taking and emotional regulation in prosocial behaviour?
the prosocial behaviour may be because they are upset when someone else is upset- when young their is a montage effect.
what was piaget’s theory
children understood rules of the game which corresponds to rules of socety.
what are the 3 stages of understanding ?
premoral (up to 4), moral realism (4-10) rules come from higher authority, moral subjectivism (10+).
what was the results of piaget’s dilemma method?
up to 9/10 children judge based on amount of damage and not motive
who expanded on piaget’s theory by writing new dilemmas
kohlberg.
how did kurtines and Grief (1974) criticise kohlberg’s level of moral reasoning?
dilemmas not assured to measure the same things, questioning the validity of the scale.
the cultural biases surrounding kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
snarey 1985- suggested a cultural bias on kohlberg’s study as within 27 cultures found that stage 5 was more centered towards urban societies.
gillian 1982 suggested the gender bias behind both kohlberg and piaget’s moral reasoning.
suggested that women would answer differently to men as they are more impacted by others problems- more concerned.
methodological problems with kohlberg problems?
articificial experiment- not reliable- lacks ecological validity- not a real life problem.
what are the design critiques of piaget’s study
unequal damage, vague bad intentions and memory demands are too high.
how did semtana 1985 criticise piaget regading the ages of the stages of moral reasoning?
2-5 year olds able to differntiate between violation of social and moral conventions.
harmond and bromwell reported that parents reported what about 1-4 year olds
helping increases with age.
zahn-waxler et al 2001- 14-36 month olds where reported by mothers to what increasing with age
empathy- mothers report responses to negative emotions.
to support the evolutionary aspec trevatheran and longotheti suggest 1989 what?
born with motivation to develop prosocial behaviour- strategies to survival
within shcumacher et al 2018 study suggested that young adolescents were more affected by what then the modelling
experimenter influence
kohlbergs level of reasoning had what three levels to it?
preconventional, conventional, post conventional.
gillian 1982 proposed what criticism towards both piaget and kohlberg
gender bias- studied male mortality, suggested that women would have responded differently, for example women more concerned about impact of behaviour.
snarey et al criticised kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning how?
reviewed 27 cultures and found that stage 5 of his theory was more tailored towards urban societies.
more methodological criticisims of kohlbergs theory
artificial so it was not reliable.
kurtines and grief (1974) suggested what about kohlbergs thoery
that the dilemmas did not assure to measure the same thing- question the validity of the scale
what were the design criticisms of piagets thoery of moral reasoning
unequal damage, vague bad intentions and memory demands were too high for children.
what research criticisied piagets theory of moral reasoning?
smetana 1985- 2-5 ear olds able to differentiate between social and moral conventions being violated.
what did trevarthen and logotheti 1989 fidn that supports the evolutionary evidence for prosociality.
born with motivation to develop prosocial behaviour- strategies for survival.
what were the two observational studies that report parent opinions on childs development?
harmond & bromwell 2018, zahn-waxler et al 2001
harmond and bromwell 2018- reported what about parents
parents said that 1-4 year olds found an increase in helping behaviour.
zahn-waxler et al 2001- found mothers reported what?
14-36m, mothers responses to negative emotions found that empathy increased with age.
evidence against schumacher et al’ 2018 findings of modelling on behaviour.
zarabatany et al 1985 found that experimenter influence had more impact than modelling as age increased.
