lecture 9 atypical development

Question 1

what are some examples of neurodivergent disorders

Answer 1

autism, intellecutal disability and ADHD

Question 2

what are the three causes of developmental conditions?

Answer 2

chromosomal abnormalities (genetic mutations), prenatal factors (damages whilst in womb such as oxugen deprivation) or an unknown combination

Question 3

how did kanner 1943 and asperger 1944 describe autism

Answer 3

triad of comparisons: lowe IQ, autistic loneliness and desire for sameness

Question 4

what did wing and gould 1979 describeas trial impairments for autism

Answer 4

social interaction, impairments in communication, restricted or repetetive patterns of behaviour.

Question 5

different characteristics and combinations result in

Answer 5

variety of severity of autims- many show islets of ability equivalent to or better than neurotypical people.

Question 6

is autism more diagnosed in boys or girls

Answer 6

3x more diagnosed in men and boys- ersearch heavily represents boys but not the experience of girls.

Question 7

what are some of the problems surrounding diagnosis

Answer 7

some signs appear at around 12-18m typically diagnosed at 3 but can go undiagnosed.

Question 8

what do traditional theories of autism attempt to explain what?

Answer 8

executive function, weak central coherence and theory of mind deficit.

Question 9

what is executive functioning

Answer 9

an umbrella term for planning etc. the repetetive behaviours may be explained by impairment in executive functioning.

Question 10

what is meant by the theory of mind deficit for those with autism?

Answer 10

limits effective social understanding, difficult to interpret behaviour of others, difficult to communicate and might explain sameness and rouitne indirectly.

Question 11

baren-cohen et al 1985 found what on the sally anne false belief task?

Answer 11

80% of typical developed and down syndrome children solved but only 20% of autisitic groups

Question 12

who replicated baron-cohen etal’s study using smarties

Answer 12

perner et al 1989- found the same results.

Question 13

baron-cohen et al 1986 found what?

Answer 13

autistic children could order and explain mechanical and bheavioural stories- autistic children could not order mentalistic stories.

Question 14

why was baron-cohne et al’s research limited?

Answer 14

not all children failed these tasks, autistic children sometimes perform at TD levels.

Question 15

what other study was created to measure autistic childrens ability

Answer 15

the strange stories task would read a short story and be asked why someone would lie.

Question 16

in 1997 baron cohen et al further tested the thoery of mind how

Answer 16

form state of eyes alone- autistic group significantly impaired to TD and tourette syndrome gorup.

Question 17

gernsbacher and yergeau 2019 reported what

Answer 17

empirical failures of the thoery of mind explanation.

Question 18

what were some of the failures?

Answer 18

reies heavily on spoken langiage ans studeis found that vocab predicts performance on false beliefs more than age

Question 19

a meta analysis found that vocab predicts…

Answer 19

these belief performance more than whether or not an individual is autistic

Question 20

what else is a criticism of the theory of mind explanantion

Answer 20

failure to replicate earlier findings, small sample izes in original studies, failure of convergent validity and faiilure of predicitive validity.

Question 21

what else could explain the differences in thoery of mind performances

Answer 21

the double empathy problem

Question 22

what is the double empathy problem

Answer 22

autistic and non-autistic people have different social communication styles breakdown in mutual understanding

Question 23

what was the study conducted by sheppard et al 2016

Answer 23

autistic and non-autisitic people filmed during 4 conditions, when shown the videos asked to predict and match each ocnidition to video- non-autistic easier to identify the beaviour of those who are also non-autistic suggests lack of indentification with each other