Nucleic Acids Flashcards
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid
nucleotide
- means “colored body”
- structure in the cell nucleus thought to be the carrier of genetic information
chromosome
a portion of a chromosome that controls a specific inheritable trait such as brown eyes or red hair
gene
three parts of a nucleotide
a five-membered cyclic monosaccharide, a nitrogen-containing cyclic compound known as a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
two classes of nucleic acids
Ribonucleic Acid & Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nitrogen Bases (PURINE)
adenine and guanine
Nitrogen Bases (PYRIMIDINE)
uracil, thymine, cytosine
sugar + base =
nucleoside
nucleoside (sugar & base) + phosphate =
Nucleotide
sugar of RNA
d-ribose
sugar of dna
2-deoxy-d-ribose
chromatin and chromosome difference
chromatim = staight strand
chromosome = condensed form
what do you call the ends of a chromosome
telomere
what do you call the center of a chromosome
centromere
what do you call the short arm of a chromosome
p arm
what do you call the long arm of a chromosome
q arm
Two strands coiled around each other in a screw-like fashion
double helix
process by which copies of DNA are made when a cell divides
dna replication
The RNA that is complexed with proteins in ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis
Messenger RNAs (mRNA)
RNA that delivers amino acids to the sites for
protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA formed directly by DNA transcription.
Post-transcription processing converts this RNA to messenger RNA
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
RNA that facilitates the conversion of Heterogeneous nuclear. RNA to messenger RNA. It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
The genetic code is consists of triplets of consecutive bases known as?
codons
the process of removing introns from the hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.
splicing
A nucleotide sequence in a gene that codes for part of a protein
exon
A nucleotide sequence in mRNA that does not code for part of a protein; removed before mRNA
proceeds to protein synthesis
intron
The DNA strand that is transcribed
template strand
The complement of the template strand in the original helix
informational strand
The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) in mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis
genetic code
The structure in the cell where protein synthesis occurs; composed of protein and rRNA
ribosome
A sequence of three ribonucleotides on tRNA that recognizes the complementary sequence (the codon) on mRNA.
anticodon
organizing proteins where DNA strand is
twisted
histones
karyotype number of genes for physical features
21-22
karyotype number of genes for determining sex
23
a condition where #21 chromosome become three
trisomy 21
process by which DNA is copied to RNA
transcription
process by which mRNA is used to produce proteins is called?
translation
in which organelle transcription happens?
nucleus
in which organelle rna translation happens?
ribosomes
why is dna replication semi conservative?
because half of the strand are new, the other half is old
site of dna replication
origin of the replication site
it alleviates DNA supercoils
Topoisomerase
separates the two DNA strands
helicase
proteins bind to the separated DNA strands to keep them apart
Single-Strand Binding (SSB)
short RNA strands that start or prime, DNA synthesis
RNA Primase
extends the RNA primers until the 3’ end of an Okazaki fragment reaches the 5
- it puts corresponding nucleotide
dna polymerasee lll
degrades the RNA primers and replaces it with DNA
dna polymerasee l
fills the gap / joins the 5’ phosphate of one DNA
molecule
dna ligase
what happens during initiation stage?
the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter causing the double helix to unwind
stage in which an RNA chain complementary to the template strand of DNA is synthesized as RNA polymerase moves along DNA
elongation stage
stage where dna strand and mrna transcript disassociate from each other
termination stage
protien synthesis
starts as tRNA with amino acid 2 binds to its codon at the second site within its codon
elongation
protien synthesis
small ribosomal subunit and the first tRNA arriving at the start of codon mRNA
initiation
protien synthesis
stop codon is reached. ribosomal units, mRNA, and polpeptides seperates.
termination
