Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Flashcards
an error base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication. Such errors alter the genetic information that is passed on during transcription.
mutation
types of mutation
point (substitution) and frameshift mutation
type mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base. The effect can vary from no effect to a change in primary protein structure to termination of protein synthesis
point mutation
a method for separating molecules on the basis of charge-to-size ratio using a gel as a support and sieving material
gel electrophoresis
viruses that infect bacteria; are frequently used in molecular biology to transfer DNA cells
bacteriophages
enzymes that hydrolyze double-stranded DNA at specific spots on opposite strands
restriction endonucleases
The movement of a ribosome along an mRNA molecule is called?
translocation
a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA molecule base sequence. Such change affects not only the base triplet located at the insertion or deletion point but also all triplets that follow in the sequence
frameshift mutation
diff between point and frameshift mutation?
point = one triplet is affected
frameshift = all triplet is affected
a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene
mutagen
two important types of mutagens
radiation and chemical agents
various of chemicals like nitrites possibly damage out dna, Fortunately, the body has _____ enzymes that recognize and replace altered bases.
repaire enzyme
very small disease-causing agents that are considered the lowest order of life.
contains DNA or RNA (but not both) surrounded by a coat of protein and that cannot reproduce without the aid of a host cell
viruses
why do scientists consider viruses unalive?
because they are unable to reproduce in the absence of other organisms
RNA-containing virus
retrovirus
only function of a virus
reproduce
example of a retrovirus
AIDS
a preparation containing an inactive or weakened form of a virus or bacterium
vaxx
is the process whereby an organism is intentionally changed at the molecular (DNA) level so that it exhibits different traits.
genetic engineering
These genetically engineered bacteria, which contain genes for human proteins, can produce large quantities of designated proteins because of their rapid production rate
protein factories
DNA that contains genetic material from two different organisms.
recombinant dna
DNA in the form of small, circular, double-stranded molecules
plasmid
used to cleave the double-stranded DNA of a circular plasmid.
restriction enzyme
Their function is to protect the bacteria from invasion by foreign DNA by catalyzing the cleavage of the invading DNA.
restriction enzyme
the process of incorporating recombinant DNA into a host cell.
transformation
when transformed cells reproduce, it results in large numbers of identical cells called
cells with identical DNA that have descended from a single cell.
clones
a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
an enzyme present in all living organisms, is a key substance in the PCR process.
dna plymerase
