Nucleic Acid Biotechnology

Question 1

an error base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication. Such errors alter the genetic information that is passed on during transcription.

Answer 1

mutation

Question 2

types of mutation

Answer 2

point (substitution) and frameshift mutation

Question 3

type mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base. The effect can vary from no effect to a change in primary protein structure to termination of protein synthesis

Answer 3

point mutation

Question 3

a method for separating molecules on the basis of charge-to-size ratio using a gel as a support and sieving material

Answer 3

gel electrophoresis

Question 4

viruses that infect bacteria; are frequently used in molecular biology to transfer DNA cells

Answer 4

bacteriophages

Question 5

enzymes that hydrolyze double-stranded DNA at specific spots on opposite strands

Answer 5

restriction endonucleases

Question 6

The movement of a ribosome along an mRNA molecule is called?

Answer 6

translocation

Question 7

a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA molecule base sequence. Such change affects not only the base triplet located at the insertion or deletion point but also all triplets that follow in the sequence

Answer 7

frameshift mutation

Question 8

diff between point and frameshift mutation?

Answer 8

point = one triplet is affected
frameshift = all triplet is affected

Question 9

a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene

Answer 9

mutagen

Question 10

two important types of mutagens

Answer 10

radiation and chemical agents

Question 11

various of chemicals like nitrites possibly damage out dna, Fortunately, the body has _____ enzymes that recognize and replace altered bases.

Answer 11

repaire enzyme

Question 12

very small disease-causing agents that are considered the lowest order of life.

contains DNA or RNA (but not both) surrounded by a coat of protein and that cannot reproduce without the aid of a host cell

Answer 12

viruses

Question 13

why do scientists consider viruses unalive?

Answer 13

because they are unable to reproduce in the absence of other organisms

Question 14

RNA-containing virus

Answer 14

retrovirus

Question 14

only function of a virus

Answer 14

reproduce

Question 15

example of a retrovirus

Answer 15

AIDS

Question 16

a preparation containing an inactive or weakened form of a virus or bacterium

Answer 16

vaxx

Question 17

is the process whereby an organism is intentionally changed at the molecular (DNA) level so that it exhibits different traits.

Answer 17

genetic engineering

Question 18

These genetically engineered bacteria, which contain genes for human proteins, can produce large quantities of designated proteins because of their rapid production rate

Answer 18

protein factories

Question 19

DNA that contains genetic material from two different organisms.

Answer 19

recombinant dna

Question 20

DNA in the form of small, circular, double-stranded molecules

Answer 20

plasmid

Question 21

used to cleave the double-stranded DNA of a circular plasmid.

Answer 21

restriction enzyme

Question 22

Their function is to protect the bacteria from invasion by foreign DNA by catalyzing the cleavage of the invading DNA.

Answer 22

restriction enzyme

Question 23

the process of incorporating recombinant DNA into a host cell.

Answer 23

transformation

Question 24

when transformed cells reproduce, it results in large numbers of identical cells called

cells with identical DNA that have descended from a single cell.

Answer 24

clones

Question 25

a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence.

Answer 25

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 26

an enzyme present in all living organisms, is a key substance in the PCR process.

Answer 26

dna plymerase