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Biochemistry > Generation of Biochemical Energy > Flashcards

Generation of Biochemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

A spontaneous reaction or process that releases free energy and has a negative ΔG

A

Exergonic

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2
Q

A nonspontaneous reaction or process that absorbs free energy and has a positive ΔG

A

Endergonic

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3
Q

It is a measure of disorder

A

Entropy

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4
Q
  • are obtained from one’s diet (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
  • digested and absorbed
  • taken up by cells and oxidized to produce energy
A

macronutrients

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5
Q

Dietary components that we can use

A

nutrients

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6
Q

Compounds that have no use or value in the human body and may be toxic.

A

xenobiotic compounds

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7
Q

starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, galactose, and glucose.

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

a monosaccharide that is predominant
sugar in human blood

A

glucose

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9
Q

are lipids composed of triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides)

A

Fats

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10
Q

it is our resting metabolic rate

A

basal metabolic rate

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11
Q

all of the chemical reactions that take place in an organism is called

A

metabolism

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12
Q

break molecules apart
release energy from food

A

CATABOLISM

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13
Q

put building blocks back together
synthesize new biomolecules, including those that store energy
- requires energy

A

ANABOLISM

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14
Q

the chemical bond formed when two phosphate groups react with each other, and a water molecule is produce

A

phosphoanhydride bond

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15
Q

Difference between FAD and FADH2

A

FAD - oxidized form
FADH2 - reduced form

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16
Q

FAD stands for _____

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

17
Q

NAD stands for

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

18
Q

Phases of Metabolism

digestion in the gastrointestinal tract converts the macromolecules into small units. For example, proteins are digested to amino acids

A

primary metabolism

19
Q

Phases of Metabolism

products are absorbed, catabolized to smaller components, and ultimately oxidized to CO2. The reducing equivalents are mainly generated in the mitochondria by the final common oxidative pathway, citric acid cycle. In this process, NADH or FADH2 are generated.

A

secondary / intermediary metabolism

20
Q

Phases of Metabolism

reduced equivalents enter into the electron transport chain (ETC, or Respiratory chain), where energy is released

A

Tertiary metabolism or Internal/Cellular respiration

21
Q

oxidation of glucose to pyruvate thru a series of process

A

glycolysis

22
Q

under ___ condition, the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

A

anaerobic

23
Q

under ___ condition, the pyruvate is further oxidized to yield more atp

A

aerobic

24
Q

how many atp, pyruvate, and nadh are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 each

25
Q
  • A.K.A. as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle
  • Oxidation of two carbons to give two CO2 and transfer of energy to reduced coenzymes occurs
A

Citric Acid Cycle

26
Q

in which part of mitochondrion citric acid cycle take place?

A

in the matrix

27
Q

where does glycosis takes place?

A

cytoplasm

28
Q

what is the isomer of citrate

A

isocitrate

29
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecule are produced during every cycle Krebs Cycle?

A

2

30
Q

How many FADH2 and NADH, GTP AND CO2 are produced during Krebs Cycle?

A

(3) NADH, (1) FADH2, (1) GTP, and (2) CO2

31
Q

in every 1 mol of glucose, how many krebs cycle will it make?

A

2 because during glycolysis we produced 2 pyruvate

32
Q

What are the 4 stages of Biochemical Energy Production

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Acetyl CoA production
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
33
Q

electron transport and pumping of H+ which create an H= gradient across the membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain

34
Q

where does ECT takes place

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

Energy from fuel oxidation is converted to the high-energy phosphate bonds of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of?

etc and chemiosmosis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

Concentration gradient between IMM and Mitochondrial Matrix during ETC

A

HIGH CG in IMM and LOW CG in Matrix

37
Q

Final electron acceptor of ETC is ___ and the product is ____

A

oxygen
h2o

38
Q

it is the facilitated diffusion of H+ with the help of ATP synthase to produce ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

39
Q

how many atp are produced during the whole biochemical energy per glucose?

A

36-38 ATP

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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