Generation of Biochemical Energy Flashcards
A spontaneous reaction or process that releases free energy and has a negative ΔG
Exergonic
A nonspontaneous reaction or process that absorbs free energy and has a positive ΔG
Endergonic
It is a measure of disorder
Entropy
- are obtained from one’s diet (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
- digested and absorbed
- taken up by cells and oxidized to produce energy
macronutrients
Dietary components that we can use
nutrients
Compounds that have no use or value in the human body and may be toxic.
xenobiotic compounds
starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, galactose, and glucose.
Carbohydrates
a monosaccharide that is predominant
sugar in human blood
glucose
are lipids composed of triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides)
Fats
it is our resting metabolic rate
basal metabolic rate
all of the chemical reactions that take place in an organism is called
metabolism
break molecules apart
release energy from food
CATABOLISM
put building blocks back together
synthesize new biomolecules, including those that store energy
- requires energy
ANABOLISM
the chemical bond formed when two phosphate groups react with each other, and a water molecule is produce
phosphoanhydride bond
Difference between FAD and FADH2
FAD - oxidized form
FADH2 - reduced form
FAD stands for _____
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD stands for
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phases of Metabolism
digestion in the gastrointestinal tract converts the macromolecules into small units. For example, proteins are digested to amino acids
primary metabolism
Phases of Metabolism
products are absorbed, catabolized to smaller components, and ultimately oxidized to CO2. The reducing equivalents are mainly generated in the mitochondria by the final common oxidative pathway, citric acid cycle. In this process, NADH or FADH2 are generated.
secondary / intermediary metabolism
Phases of Metabolism
reduced equivalents enter into the electron transport chain (ETC, or Respiratory chain), where energy is released
Tertiary metabolism or Internal/Cellular respiration
oxidation of glucose to pyruvate thru a series of process
glycolysis
under ___ condition, the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
anaerobic
under ___ condition, the pyruvate is further oxidized to yield more atp
aerobic
how many atp, pyruvate, and nadh are produced during glycolysis?
2 each
- A.K.A. as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle
- Oxidation of two carbons to give two CO2 and transfer of energy to reduced coenzymes occurs
Citric Acid Cycle
in which part of mitochondrion citric acid cycle take place?
in the matrix
where does glycosis takes place?
cytoplasm
what is the isomer of citrate
isocitrate
How many carbon dioxide molecule are produced during every cycle Krebs Cycle?
2
How many FADH2 and NADH, GTP AND CO2 are produced during Krebs Cycle?
(3) NADH, (1) FADH2, (1) GTP, and (2) CO2
in every 1 mol of glucose, how many krebs cycle will it make?
2 because during glycolysis we produced 2 pyruvate
What are the 4 stages of Biochemical Energy Production
- Digestion
- Acetyl CoA production
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
electron transport and pumping of H+ which create an H= gradient across the membrane
Electron Transport Chain
where does ECT takes place
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Energy from fuel oxidation is converted to the high-energy phosphate bonds of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of?
etc and chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation
Concentration gradient between IMM and Mitochondrial Matrix during ETC
HIGH CG in IMM and LOW CG in Matrix
Final electron acceptor of ETC is ___ and the product is ____
oxygen
h2o
it is the facilitated diffusion of H+ with the help of ATP synthase to produce ATP
Chemiosmosis
how many atp are produced during the whole biochemical energy per glucose?
36-38 ATP
