Amino Acids Flashcards
It is the building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
Composition of an amino acids
molecule contains an amino
group and a carboxylic acid
functional group and a side chain all
attached to an -carbon
ɑ
What distinguishes an amino acids?
Its side chain
one of the 20 amino acids normally
found in proteins building blocks of
protein
Standard Amino Acid
4 categories of standard amino acids
*nonpolar amino acids
*polar neutral amino acids
*polar acidic amino acids
*polar basic amino acids
an amino acid that contains one
amino group, one carboxyl group,
and a nonpolar side chain
they are hydrophobic
Nonpolar, Neutral Side Chains
an amino acid that contains one
amino group, one carboxyl group
and a side chain that is polar but
neither acidic nor basic
Polar, Neutral Side Chains
an amino acid that contains one
amino group and two carboxyl
groups, the second carboxyl group
being part of the side chain
Polar Acidic Amino Acid
in physiological pH, the side chain of a
polar acidic amino acid bears a?
negative charge in the side-chain
carboxyl group
an amino acid that contains two
amino groups and one carboxyl group,
the second amino group being part of
the side chain
Polar Basic Amino Acid
Naming of the Standard Amino Acids
three-letter codes except in four cases – these abbreviations are the first three letters of the amino acid’s name
one-letter code
It is an amino acid needed by the human body that must be obtained from dietary source because it cannot be synthesized within the body
Essential Amino Acid
an essential amino acid in
children required for growth but not
an essential amino acid for adults
Arginine
Name the 9 essential amino acids
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Tryptophan
Threonine
Histidine
Valine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Lysine
Leucine
is precursor to
serotonin, a neurotransmitter
that regulates your appetite,
sleep and mood
Tryptophan
necessary for tissue
growth and the absorption of
zinc and selenium
Methionine
precursor for the
neurotransmitters tyrosine,
dopamine, epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Phenylalanine
: helps stimulate muscle
growth and regeneration and is
involved in energy production
Valine
part of structural proteins such as collagen and
elastin, which are important components of the skin and
connective tissue
Threonine
helps regulate blood sugar levels, stimulates wound
healing and produces growth hormones
Leucine
immune function, hemoglobin production and
energy regulation
Isoleucine
protein synthesis, hormone and enzyme production and
the absorption of calcium, production
of collagen and elastin
Lysine
used to produce
histamine, a neurotransmitter that is vital to immune response, digestion, sexual function and sleep-wake
cycles
Histidine
the only common plant protein that
is a complete dietary protein
soy
contains all of the essential amino acids the same relative amount in which thembody needs them
Complete Dietary Protein
a protein that does not contain adequate amounts, relative to
the body’s needs of one or more of the essential amino acids
Incomplete Dietary Protein
an essential amino acid that is missing or present but
inadequate amounts, in an incomplete dietary protein
Limiting Amino Acid
two or more incomplete dietary proteins that when
combined, provide an adequate amount of all essential amino
acids
Complementary Dietary Proteins
the amino group is bonded to the carbon
atom next to the -COOH group.
Alpha (ɑ-) amino acid
Fischer Formula of Amino Acids
Carboxyl Group - always at the top
Side chain - at the bottom
Amino Group (NH3) - one on left or right
an amide bond that links two amino acids together
Peptide bonds
Long unbranched chain of amino acid
Polypeptide
the portion of an amino acid structure that remains
amino acid residues
the end with the free COO- group
is called
C-terminal
The end with the free H3N+ group
is called
N-terminal end
Peptide Nomenclature
- The C-terminal amino acid residue (located at the far right of the structure) keeps its full amino acid name
- The rest of Amino acid residues have their name ends with -yl
- The amino acid naming sequence begins at the N-terminal amino acid residue
contain the same amino acids but in different order
Isomeric Peptides
two small peptide hormones
vasopressin and oxytocin
regulates uterine contractions and lactation.
oxytocin
regulates the excretion of water
by the kidneys; it also affects blood pressure
aka ADH
vassopresin
these are pentapeptide neurotransmitters produced by the brain itself that bind at receptor sites in the brain to reduce pain
enkephalins
two pentapeptide neurotransmitters and their functions?
*Met-enkephalin is involved in phenomena associated with modulated pain perception, regulation of memory and emotional
conditions
* Leu-enkephalin controls gonadal function.
a tripeptide that functions as antioxidant protecting cellular
contents from oxidizing agents such as peroxides and
superoxides
glutathione
