NT

Question 1

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 1

based on the idea that patients with SZ have excess dopamine in their brains

explained by amphetamines- dopamine agonists - increase level of dop in brain

when taken in large quantities experince similar symotoms to SZ positive symptoms such as hallucinations and dellusions

Question 2

A03.1 strength

Answer 2

lindstrom et al used PET scans to trace L- DOPA chemical used by brain produce dopamine

administered L-DOPA to 10 untreated patients with SZ and a control without SZ .

L-DOPA taken up more quicklu in SZ patients
suggesting producing more dopamine then control group - supports dopamine hypothesis

Question 3

A03.1 weakness

Answer 3

BOWERS suggested HVA major metabolite of dopamine was not found in greater quantities with SZ patients

Question 4

A01.2 glutamate and dopamine

Answer 4

glutamate binds to NMDA receotors
dop and glutamate work as a break and accelorator causing SZ increased glut decreased dop and vise versa

low glut in cerebra cortex - negative symtoms
perception, thought, language, and decision-making, integrating sensory- poverty of speech and difficulty following sentances.

low glutamate in basal ganglia + posititve symptoms
voluntary motor control, motor learning, and routine behaviors or habits.
- repetitive behaviours

Question 5

A03.2 strength

Answer 5

carlson found PCP can incuce a psychotic conditon mimicking SZ more failthfully than amphetamines
antagonist of NMDA glutamte deficiency-r role in psychosis

carlsson and carlsson found NMDA antagonist- lowers glutamate caused mice to move forward with no intention

Question 6

A03.2 weakness

Answer 6

laxks gen - animsals less developed PFC problem solving not able to see most symtoms

decrease cred

Question 7

A03.2 strength2-

Answer 7

wong et al post morten studies brains with DZ DA receptirs are hypersensitive and in great nuumber

too many receptors is similar to having too much dopamine as have greater opp for dopamine to stimulate receport and cause over activity and + symtpms

Question 8

A03.2 weakness2

Answer 8

ignores brain structure…. explain

suddath- MRI MZ twins could tell 12/15

Question 9

A01.3

Answer 9

increased levels of DA in mesolimbic areas of brain cause positive symptoms
reward, pleasure, and reinforcement of behaviors.
positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions by amplifying abnormal reward and perception processing.

low DA in mesocorital area- negative
cognitive functions, such as decision-making, attention, and emotional regulation.
such as lack of motivation, flattened affect, and cognitive difficulties.

Question 9

seritonin

Answer 9

associated with mood regulation, body temp and sleep

balences dopamine levels in mesolimbic pathway so low levels lead to + symptoms

Question 10

A03.3 strength

Answer 10

antipsychotics reduce + symtpoms by blocking DA recepotors to prevent over activiity demonstrating that excess dop role in SZ

Question 11

A03.3 weakness

Answer 11

ignores role of enviro, triggger for SZ freeman or vassos sweeden, denmark, netherlands 2,37X more likely in urban than in rural

Question 12

conclusion

Answer 12

suggests SZ NT imbalence treatment == anti psycs block dop - improve qual life

stress diatheisis