NSCA CSCS - Chapter 8 Flashcards
Achievement motivation
Efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, and engage in competition or social comparison - the desire to win
Anxiety
Subcategory of arousal that is a negatively perceived emotional state
Arousal
A blend of physiological activation in an individual and refers to the intensity of motivation in a given moment
Attention
The processing of both environmental and internal cues that come to awareness
Augmented feedback
Feedback provided to the athlete by an observer such as a coach or video/lab equipment
Autogenic training
Focusing on a sense of warmth and heaviness in a muscle group to reduce arousal or anxiety
Catastrophe theory
Performance theory that states that a catastrophic decline in abilities, rather than gradual decline, can occur past a certain arousal level
Cognitive anxiety
Anxiety manifested cognitively as a negative perception of the situation
Counterconditioning
Combining mental and physical techniques to replace fear response to cues with a relaxation response
Diaphragmatic breathing
Focused attention on the process of breathing to clear the mind and increase concentration
Discovery
Instructing the athlete on the overarching goal of the task and the athlete receives little to no direction
Distress
Negative stress
Drive theory
The arousal theory that proposes that as an individuals arousal or state anxiety increases, the performance also increases
Emotions
Temporary feeling states that occur in response to events
Enhancement
Increased effectiveness of an already learned movement
Eustress
Positive stress
Explicit instructions
Prescriptive information that gives the athlete rules for effectively executing a given task
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation from an external source - i.e. “trophies, social approval”
Fractionalization
Breaking down tasks into subcomponents that must ultimately occur simultaneously
Goal setting
A process of pursuing progressively challenging standard of performance with a defined criterion of task success which increases the likelihood of success
Guided discovery
Providing prompts for a task without explicitly telling the athlete how to do the task
Ideal performance state
Ultimate goal of every athlete - competition performance marked by psychological and physiological efficiency
Imagery
A cognitive skill in which an athlete creates or recreates an experience in his or her mind
Individual zones of optimal functioning
Different people in different types of performances perform best with very different levels of arousal
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback provided to the athlete by his or her own senses
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to be competent and self-determining - i.e. “love of the game”
Inverted-U Theory
Theory of performance that states that arousal facilitates performance until an optimal level beyond which increased arousal decreases performance
Knowledge of performance
Feedback regarding an athlete’s movement pattern
Knowledge of results
Feedback of information about the execution of a task or goal
Long-term goals
Overarching goal or vision of performance
Mental imagery
Mental visualization of a movement or experience related to competition or performance
Motivation
The intensity and direction of effort
Motive to achieve success (MAS)
The desire to challenge oneself and evaluate one’s abilities
Motive to avoid failure (MAF)
The desire to avoid the perception of shame that accompanies failure
Negative punishment
Removal of something valued as a punishment for an undesired behavior
Negative reinforcement
Removal of something valued as a punishment for an undesired behavior
Observational practice
Observing a task or skill performed by other novice, intermediate, or expert performers
Operant
The targeted or desired behavior of positive reinforcement
Outcome goals
Goals over which the athlete has little control which are typically focused on winning or competitive result in an event
Part practice
Separating a skill into a series of subcomponents practice individually
Physiological efficiency
Employing only the amount of physical and mental energy to accomplish the task at hand
Positive punishment
Presentation of an act/object that could decrease an undesired behavior’s occurrence - i.e. pushups after practice do to poor performance
Positive reinforcement
The act of increasing the probability of occurrence of a given targeted behavior by rewarding the behavior
Process goals
Goals that the athlete has control over which typically focus on actions needed to execute a skill
Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)
Self-regulation of physical and psychological arousal through control of skeletal muscle tension
Progressive-part training
Practicing two skill subcomponents individually before combining them then practices the third component and adding it to the first two until the whole skill is mastered
Psychological efficiency
The ability to overcome negative thoughts and arousal that may impede performance
Pure-part training
Practicing each skill subcomponent independently before combining them together
Random practice
Practicing multiple skills in a random order in the same session
Repetitive part training
Practicing first part in isolation, then adding each subsequent part until the whole skill is done as one movement
Reversal theory
Athlete’s perception of arousal/anxiety as important for performance as the level itself
Routine
Mental checklist that consciously directs thoughts to task-relevant and controllable concerns
Segmentation
Breaking down tasks into subcomponents that have clear breaks
Selective attention
The Inhibition of attention on some stimuli to focus on others
Self-confidence
The belief in oneself that one can be successful at a given endeavor
Self-controlled practice
Allowing athlete feedback and input regarding practice, performance, or which skill to work on
Self-efficacy
Perception of one’s ability to perform a task under a specific set of circumstances
Self-talk
Inner dialogue within the athlete - can be internal or spoken out loud
Short-term goals
Goals related to current training or competition that are attainable in a relatively short time-frame
Simplification
Adjusting task difficulty by changing characteristics or equipment
Somatic anxiety
Anxiety manifested through physical symptoms such as tense muscles, fast heart rate, and upset stomach
Sport psychology
A multifaceted discipline that employs exercise science and psychological principles to understand behavioral processes and cognitions on movement.
State anxiety
Acute subjective experience of apprehension and uncertainty
Stress
A substantial imbalance between demand and response capability where consequences of failure to meet demand are present
Stressor
An environmental or cognitive event that precipitates stress
Systematic desensitization (SD)
Combining mental and physical techniques to replace fear response to cues with a relaxation response
Trait anxiety
Enduring personality disposition towards perceiving an environment as threatening
Variable practice
Variations of a skill performed within a single practice
Whole practice
Practicing a single skill and all its subcomponents at once
