NSCA CSCS - Chapter 4 Flashcards
Allosteric binding site
Sites on hormone receptors where substances other than hormones can enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone.
Anabolic hormone
Hormones that promote tissue building.
Catabolic hormone
Hormones such as progesterone and cortisol that can metabolize and degrade protein cells.
Cross-reactivity
Hormones such as progesterone and cortisol that can metabolize and degrade protein cells.
Diurnal variation
Normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day.
Downregulation
The process or inability of a receptor to interact with a hormone. Receptors have the ability to increase or decrease their binding sensitivity.
Endocrine gland
Body structures specialized for synthesizing, storing, and releasing hormones.
General adaptation syndrome
The general response of the adrenal gland to noxious stimuli. Begins with an alarm reaction followed by a reduction in function, but ultimately results in increased resistance to the stress above previous baseline levels.
Hormone
Chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the blood by endocrine glands.
Hormone receptor complex (H-RC)
The result of a hormone binding to its receptor, which causes a shift in the receptor which activates it.
Lock-and-key theory
A principle in endocrinology that a given hormone interacts with a specific receptor. While hormones individually have the specific characteristics to bind and fully induce a signal through a specific receptor, cross-reactivity can occur where a receptor can partially interact with other hormones as well.
Neuroendocrine immunology
The study of the connection between the neural, endocrine, and immune systems.
Neuroendocrinology
The study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Polypeptide hormone
Hormones made from chains of amino acids, such as growth hormone and insulin. Polypeptide hormones are not fat-soluble and therefore cannot cross the cell membrane.
Proteolytic enzyme
Enzymes that break down proteins.
Secondary messenger
Compounds within a cell that transmits the change in the receptor on the cell membrane due to hormone binding with the receptor. The secondary messengers propagate the hormonal signal through the cell to affect metabolic processes, DNA transcription, or mRNA translation initiation.
Steroid hormone
Fat-soluble hormones such as testosterone and cortisol that diffuse across the cell membrane. Upon diffusing through the sarcolemma, the steroid hormone forms an H-RC with the receptors, leading to a chain of events within the cell that ultimately causes the double-stranded DNA to “open,” exposing units that code for the synthesis of specific proteins.
Target tissue cell
A cell in the tissue that contains receptors targeted by a given hormone.
Thyroid hormone
Permissive hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine and calcitonin are the primary thyroid hormones.
Effect of Thyroid Hormones
Increase growth hormone
Anabolic
AntiCatabolic
Used by sex organs in males
What activities increase thyroid hormone and for how long is it increased?
Heavy RT
Increases during workout until 1 hour after
Effects of Growth Hormone
Anabolic
Increases Lipolysis
Increases collagen production
Increases IGF-1
