NS evolution Flashcards

1
Q

morphological difference between skull of homo sapien vs non homo sapien

A

homo sapiens have larger room for brain

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2
Q

brain weight

A

insufficient predictor of ‘smartness’
elephants aren’t smarter than us

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3
Q

brain weight as % of BW

A

still not good enough either
mouses are not smartest animals

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4
Q

encephalisation factor

A

brain weight / BW^0.69
good predictor (puts humans at top)

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5
Q

increase in relevant brain size

A

birds, mammals and cartilaginous fish
FISH: big brain because a lot of olfaction

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6
Q

how have brains changed?

A

increase in relative brain size and increase in relative regional sizes

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7
Q

are bigger brains more sophisticated?

A

not necessarily
whale brains also have 6 layers with very complex folding, however are much simpler (less neuron presence)

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8
Q

are small brains more sophisticated?

A

Maybe, small brains might be more complex
Goldfish brain has 15 layers

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9
Q

primates show different levels of gyrification

A

Primate brains show different levels of gyrification
Big brains are really folded
Cerebral cortex thickness is the same

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10
Q

what hasn’t changed over time / across animals

A

cortical thickness

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11
Q

gyrification - why?

A

folding increases surface area
(allows more cortex in smaller volume)

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12
Q

packing through layers

A

gets suboptimal as layers increase

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13
Q

primates?

A

bigger brains (in relation to body size), more neocortex, more distinct architectures

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14
Q

afarensis vs homo erectus

A

getting bigger (bones and skull)

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15
Q

why did brain increase?

A

body grows bigger, therefore requires a bigger brain for that body

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16
Q

evolution of grassland

A

driver of evolutionary change towards intelligence
(e.g. needing to free forelimbs to make tools)
BUT brain size increased AFTER bipedalism (wasnt a trigger for cerebral expansion)

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17
Q

what was driver for cerebral expansion?

A

rapidly changing environment required ability to adapt to survive -> bigger brain more able to adapt

18
Q

brain size at birth

A

need to fit through pelvis
either have a small brain or be birthed with an undeveloped brain

19
Q

organisation of pfc in mammals

A

macaque same as us but lab rat has no organisation of PFC

20
Q

organisation of language areas in macaque vs human

A

upstream from motor area in both

21
Q

what gene expression characteristics are same / diff between us and chimps

A

same: liver, blood
different: brain

22
Q

costs of big brain

A

require long gestation, big head = difficult birth, more genes (and more mutations), large energy expenditure / heat production

23
Q

high culture relation to brain size

A

increase in high culture (e.g. writing, cities, art) kind of corrrelate with bigger brain size NOT bipedalism though

24
Q

lunate sulcus

A

divides visual from other neocortex
lunate sulcus positions (in Australopithecus) suggestive of bigger proportion of non-visual cortex - which includes association cortex

25
archaic hominins
everything that is not a homo sapien
26
floresiensis
Small cranial capacity Very small too They must have survived they thought they were diseased homo sapiens We are bigger with bigger brain on both trajectories therefore kinda mysterious
27
primary motor cortex & language
move muscles to make sound
28
primary somatosensory cortex & language
braille
29
wernicke's area
make sense of speeech
30
broca's area
what words do you want to make
31
primary visual cortex & language
writing
32
left hemisphere vs right hemisphere
left has thicker temporal lobe (more gyrus)
33
left hemisphere language functions
lexical and syntactic language writing speech
34
right hemisphere language functions
emotional colouring of language rudimentary speech (yes no okay)
35
what stream is language?
ventral 'what' stream
36
broca's aphasia
can understand language but cant produce
37
wernicke's aphasia
fluent, grammatical nonsense
38
alexia (word blindness)
ability to write a passage but inability to read the passage back (can't recognise individual letters as a letter, can't associate letter with sound)
39
how localised is language?
speech is across the entire brain
40
talking is a big deal for us
we stop breathing just to talk
41
brain activation when teaching monkeys language
activation of their broca's and wernicke's area
42
FOXP2
expressed in numerous locations in the brain could have crucial role in development of speech BUT WE DONT KNOW mutations -> speech disorders