nervous system disorders

Question 1

learning and developmental disabilities

Answer 1

Functional limitations that manifest in infancy or childhood as a result of disorder to developing NS

Question 2

neurological vs mental disorders

Answer 2

Neurological: caused by degeneration or inflammation
Mental: due to areas not working properly rather than being damaged

Question 3

Alzheimer’s neurological deficit

Answer 3

Deposition of amyloid protein and disruption of neuronal cytoskeleton
Tangled Tau proteins within microtubule (which begins to fall apart)

Question 4

tau

Answer 4

Tau is usually there to stabilise microtubules, but when aggregated -> neuronal death

Question 5

seizures

Answer 5

transient, hypersynchronous abnormal neuronal activity
(genes also get a little more excitable)

Question 6

idiopathic epilepsy

Answer 6

10%
(such as childhood-onset absence epilepsy), which
is thought to have a genetic basis.

Question 7

secondary (symptomatic) epilepsy

Answer 7

20%
is caused by a known
central nervous system injury or disorder

Question 8

cryptogenic epilepsy

Answer 8

60%
no evidence of why

Question 9

multiple sclerosis

Answer 9

demyelination then remyelination
↳ but, progressive loss of function

Question 10

what gender has higher rate of adhd, autism, substance use disorders

Answer 10

males

Question 11

what gender has higher rate of depression, anxiety, ed

Answer 11

female

Question 12

twins & schizophrenia

Answer 12

if one identical twin has it, the other will too

Question 13

what meds do we use to treat schizophrenia

Answer 13

d2 receptor agonists

Question 14

dopamine & schizophrenia

Answer 14

too much = abnormal thoughts

Question 15

issues with dopamine & schizophrenia hypothesis

Answer 15

1. Dopamine agonsists bind quickly, but effects of drugs take ages, 2. PCP causes similar states to schiz but acts on glutamate, 3. some people dont respond to D2 blockers but broad monoamine antagonism

Question 16

major depressive episode vs manic depression

Answer 16

Major Depressive Episode: Depressed mood or feelings of guilt, social withdrawal
Manic Depression: oscillate between very high state and very low state

Question 17

areas of overactivity in depression Amygdala (fear related behaviours)

Answer 17

Orbital & Medial prefrontal cortex (bad thinking)
Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus (inputs to prefrontal cortex)

Question 18

tricyclics (depression)

Answer 18

block reuptake of 5HT and NA

Question 19

fluoxetine

Answer 19

block reuptake of 5HT

Question 20

MAO inhibitor

Answer 20

inhibits breakdown of 5HT and NA
(MAO - enzyme responsible for breakdown)

Question 21

lithium salts

Answer 21

treat manic depression, we dont know how

Question 22

does alcohol cross BBB?

Answer 22

yes. this is why conditions can arise during prenatal exposure
FAS - fetal alcohol syndrome (different hand crease, face differences)

Question 23

alcohol biological affect

Answer 23

Alcohol disinhibits GABA (makes people more likely to do things they normally wouldn’t)
however has been found to potentiate and inhibit GABA

Question 24

chronic alc consumption & GABA (what disorder does this relate to?)

Answer 24

decreased number of gaba receptors in brain
consistent with anxiety

Question 25

alc + glutamate (chronic)

Answer 25

chronic alc consumption increases glutamate rec around hipppocampus

Question 26

alc on 5ht, endorphins, dopamine

Answer 26

increase release

Question 27

alcoholics - effects on brain

Answer 27

decrease brain weight
decrease white matter concentration
neuronal loss (hypothalamus, cerebral, cerebellum)
thiamine deficiency (b/c liver) = brain damage

Question 28

can kids with brain deficiency (esp prefrontal cortex) ‘catch up’

Answer 28

NO
touch is the most vital sense - grow up without it is a problem