nervous system disorders Flashcards
learning and developmental disabilities
Functional limitations that manifest in infancy or childhood as a result of disorder to developing NS
neurological vs mental disorders
Neurological: caused by degeneration or inflammation
Mental: due to areas not working properly rather than being damaged
Alzheimer’s neurological deficit
Deposition of amyloid protein and disruption of neuronal cytoskeleton
Tangled Tau proteins within microtubule (which begins to fall apart)
tau
Tau is usually there to stabilise microtubules, but when aggregated -> neuronal death
seizures
transient, hypersynchronous abnormal neuronal activity
(genes also get a little more excitable)
idiopathic epilepsy
10%
(such as childhood-onset absence epilepsy), which
is thought to have a genetic basis.
secondary (symptomatic) epilepsy
20%
is caused by a known
central nervous system injury or disorder
cryptogenic epilepsy
60%
no evidence of why
multiple sclerosis
demyelination then remyelination
↳ but, progressive loss of function
what gender has higher rate of adhd, autism, substance use disorders
males
what gender has higher rate of depression, anxiety, ed
female
twins & schizophrenia
if one identical twin has it, the other will too
what meds do we use to treat schizophrenia
d2 receptor agonists
dopamine & schizophrenia
too much = abnormal thoughts
issues with dopamine & schizophrenia hypothesis
- Dopamine agonsists bind quickly, but effects of drugs take ages, 2. PCP causes similar states to schiz but acts on glutamate, 3. some people dont respond to D2 blockers but broad monoamine antagonism
major depressive episode vs manic depression
Major Depressive Episode: Depressed mood or feelings of guilt, social withdrawal
Manic Depression: oscillate between very high state and very low state
areas of overactivity in depression Amygdala (fear related behaviours)
Orbital & Medial prefrontal cortex (bad thinking)
Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus (inputs to prefrontal cortex)
tricyclics (depression)
block reuptake of 5HT and NA
fluoxetine
block reuptake of 5HT
MAO inhibitor
inhibits breakdown of 5HT and NA
(MAO - enzyme responsible for breakdown)
lithium salts
treat manic depression, we dont know how
does alcohol cross BBB?
yes. this is why conditions can arise during prenatal exposure
FAS - fetal alcohol syndrome (different hand crease, face differences)
alcohol biological affect
Alcohol disinhibits GABA (makes people more likely to do things they normally wouldn’t)
however has been found to potentiate and inhibit GABA
chronic alc consumption & GABA (what disorder does this relate to?)
decreased number of gaba receptors in brain
consistent with anxiety
alc + glutamate (chronic)
chronic alc consumption increases glutamate rec around hipppocampus
alc on 5ht, endorphins, dopamine
increase release
alcoholics - effects on brain
decrease brain weight
decrease white matter concentration
neuronal loss (hypothalamus, cerebral, cerebellum)
thiamine deficiency (b/c liver) = brain damage
can kids with brain deficiency (esp prefrontal cortex) ‘catch up’
NO
touch is the most vital sense - grow up without it is a problem
