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Pophealth > NOTES FOR POPHLTH MOD 1 > Flashcards

NOTES FOR POPHLTH MOD 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Frequency of health and disease in different populations- causes of poor health and how to improve

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2
Q

Epidemiology equation

A

E= (N/D) / T

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3
Q

GATE standards for what?

A

Graphic approach to epidemiology

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4
Q

Cohort study “observational follow up”

A

CG and EG have measurements/observations

Outcomes over a period of time- can measure incidence and prevalence

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5
Q

Incidence (OUTcome measurement)

A

Events that occur are counted forward from starting point OVER PERIOD OF TIME

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6
Q

Prevalence (OUTcome measurement)

A

Disease are counted at ONE POINT IN TIME. time is not included

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7
Q

Describe incidence overview

A

easy to measure
categorical measure eg” death’ gender”
NOT NUMERICAL value
depends only on the number of events

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8
Q

Prevalence overview

A

hard to measure
numerical and categorical measures
depends on how much event occur and how death and cure occur

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9
Q

Describe cross sectional studies

A

Exposure and outcome are measured at the same point in time- eg checking pulse rate

Good to measure the prevalence within a group

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10
Q

Describe the overview of Cohort study

A

have measurements
over period of time
can measure incidence and prevalence

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11
Q

Strengths of Incidence

A

Clean measure as its only determined by risk-

includes N/D/T

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12
Q

Weaknesses of Incidence

A

Difficult to measure as its over time

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13
Q

Weakness of prevalence

A

Less informative only includes N/D

determined by incidence cure rate and death rate

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14
Q

Strengths of Prevalence

A

easy to measure as you stop time and count

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15
Q

Describe RCTS

A

Are like cohort studies but allocated randomly to EG and CG

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16
Q

Strength of RCTS

A

equal chance of being allocated to EG and CG

  • good when highlighting differences in a drug trial
  • reduce chances of confounding
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17
Q

What is a double blind RCT

A

Participants/ investigators are both unaware

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18
Q

What are the requirements of RCTS

A

they can only be completes if they are ethical and practical-

Large studies are expensive

Drugs must not harm

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19
Q

what is RD

A

EGO- CGO

also known as the absolute risk difference

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20
Q

RR= 0 meaning?

A

EGO= CGO and there is no difference

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21
Q

RISK ratio

A

EGO/ CGO

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22
Q

Describe RR and how to compare it

A

RR has no units
if RR is less than 1 it = RRR
if RR is more than 1 = RRI
this is seen as a percentage

23
Q

Acronym for non random error

A

R A M BOM AN- used in non random error

24
Q

Describe R

A

REcruitment
who they are
do they represent the population
what is the response rate like

25
Q

Describe A

A

ALLocation
how well were participants allocated
how were they allocated
was it subjective- questionaire or objective- measurement

26
Q

Describe ADjustment in Analyses

A

separating the factors that influence bias

27
Q

Describe confounding

A

exposure is mixed with another factor which will affect the outcome

28
Q

Describe M

A

maintenance

did participants remain in there groups= EG and CG

were any groups lost in follow up

29
Q

Describe Cross sectional studies relationship with M

A

Maintenance is not an issue- follow up does not affect outcome

30
Q

Describe blind or Objective measurement

A

Objective is measure- not affected by personnel interpretation
questionnaire is subjective- people have different opinions
Double blind studies are good to reduce error

31
Q

What is Confounding’s relationship with studies

A

will always influence all ecological studies

32
Q

Describe RAndom error causes

A

everyone can not be studied
identical studies will have different results
Occurs when there is a smaller sample= greater chance results will not represent the population

33
Q

Describe the 95% confidence interval

A

95% chance the true value in a population lies within the 95% confidence interval

-range of results likely to include the true results in the whole population

34
Q

Describe the 95% CI interval on a chart

A

If EGO and CGO do not overlap and 95% of CI does not overlapRD= 0 or RR= 1= Statistically significant

If EGO and CGO overlap and CI of RR=1 overlap RD= 0
this means there is NO significant difference

35
Q

What decreases the chances of Random error

A

A bigger study= less random error

36
Q

WHat is a method that can be used instead of a bigger study to decrease Random error

A

Meta analysis

37
Q

describe Meta analysis

A

take multiple studies and put them together

38
Q

ECOlogical studes and Error

A

most common error Maintenance
prone to confounding
difficult to adjust

39
Q

Cross sectional studies and error Strength

A

Strength:
recruitment
Measurement- if self reported

little to none
maintenance error
quick and cheap

Weaknesses:
Reverse causality/ confounding

40
Q

Cohort study and error/ strengths/ weaknesses

A

easier to adjust and manage cohort in analyses

Strength: provides relationship between exposure and outcome

W: prone to confounding
Maintenance error

41
Q

RCTS and error

A

Minimal confounding- meta analysis

maintenance error common if long-term

Very expensive= difficult to do so

42
Q

RD or absolute risk is known as what?

A

EGO- CGO

43
Q

What is the no equivalent effect value

A

RD= 0
or
RR= 1

44
Q

What are the 4 types of random error that can occurr

A

R sampling error

R measurement error

Inherent biological gradient

R allocation error

45
Q

Describe R sampling error and how to reduce it

A

a study population can never be identical. Results will produce an estimate of the truth in the population

To reduce it: averaging

46
Q

Describe R measurement error and how to reduce it

A

it is difficult to measure biological gradients the same each time

It is hard for a human to measure each time

Reduction via averaging

47
Q

Describe R allocation error and how to reduce it

A

Only exists with RCTS. Groups may differ by baseline by chance

Reduction: Bigger sample

48
Q

Describe Inherient Biological randomness and how to reduce it

A

Biological phenomena are inherently random. Therefore a individuals measurement can change from time to time

How to reduce it: averaging

49
Q

What is reverse causality

A

occurs when a relationship between EG and CG cannot be established.

50
Q

What occurs when the risk difference is lower in the exposure group

A

results in an absolute risk reduction

51
Q

What occurs when the risk difference is higher within the exposure group

A

results in a absolute risk increase

52
Q

Describe stratified analysis

A

confounding can be reduced if participants are placed in different age groups.

if age groups= no difference= confounding has not occurred.

If age group= difference in numbers= confounding has occured

53
Q

Describe AN within Ramboman

A

are differences between EG and CG adjusted for within the analysis

Pophealth (14 decks)

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