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Pophealth > Module 3 cheat sheet Q's > Flashcards

Module 3 cheat sheet Q's Flashcards

1
Q

Health promotion

A

acts on the determinants of wellbeing in the population and enables people to increase control over and improve their health.

Usually pre disease

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2
Q

Health protection

A

focus in environmental hazard (pre and during disease)

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3
Q

Disease prevention

A

looks at ways of preventing disease or consequences

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4
Q

Primary screening

A

acts before disease aims to limit incidence

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5
Q

Secondary screening

A

acts at early stages, aims to reduce more serious consequences

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6
Q

Tertiary screening

A

acts after diagnosis, aims to reduce the progress of more seriousness consequences

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7
Q

Population based intervention advantages

A

Addresses underlying cause
large potential benefit for whole population
behaviorally acceptable

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8
Q

Population based intervention disadvantages

A

small benefit to individual and population
poor individual & physician motivation
less favorable benefit: risk ratio
will not change health differentials

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9
Q

High risk individual strategy advantages

A

individuals and physicians are motivated and its appropriate for them

cost effective use of limited resources

favorable benefit benefit :risk ratio

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10
Q

High risk individual strategy disadvantages

A

Screening difficulties
limited potential for individual and population
Behaviorally inappropriate

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11
Q

Bradford hill 7 criterias

A 
Temporality
Strength of association
Consistency of association
Biological gradient
Biological plausibility
reversibility 
Specificity of association
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12
Q

Temporality

A

exposure must precede outcome

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13
Q

Strength of association

A

Strength of statistical evidence in the absence of known biases

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14
Q

Consistency of association

A

replication of findings by multiple studies

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15
Q

Biological gradient

A

Incremental changes in exposure are correlated with incremental changes in disease rate

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16
Q

Biological plausibility

A

logical association between exposure and disease

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17
Q

Reversibility

A

removing the exposure changes the outcome

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18
Q

Specificity of association

A

a single cause has a single effect (less common)

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19
Q

State the factors involved in rothmans causal pie

A

sufficient cause
componient cause
necessary cause

20
Q

sufficient cause

A

a combination of factors which when together will invariably produce the disease

21
Q

component cause

A

contributes towards the disease

22
Q

necessary cause

A

a component cause that must present if a specific disease is to occur

23
Q

What is prioritizing

A

allows us to allocate funding to services that are more effective in improving health, because there are limited resources and a finite amount of funding

24
Q

How are prioritization established

A

using evidence based measurements

community expectations/ values

consider human rights, social justice and obligations tot he treaty of Waitangi

25
Q

What are the three epidemiological measures used in priorisation

A

years of potential life lost to death (YLL)
years lived with disability (YLD)
population Attributable risk (PAR)

26
Q

Attributable risk

A

another word for risk difference. for high risk interventions we target the risk factor with the greatest AR

27
Q

Population Attributable risk

A

amount of extra disease in a population which is attributable to a specific risk factor which we could prevent if we completely removed the risk factor.

For population based interventions we target the risk factor which has the greatest PAR as this will benefit most people

28
Q

Population Attributable risk equation

A

PAR= PGO- CGO

29
Q

Describe Screening

A

Attributes of a suitable screening test

reliable
safe
simple
affordable
Acceptable
Accurate (high sensitivity and specificity)
30
Q

Specificity

A

likehood of a negative test in those who dont have the disease. It is high if the proportion of true negatives in high

fixed characteristic of a test

31
Q

How do you calculate Specificity

A

d/ (B+d)= true negatives without disease

32
Q

Sensitivity

A

likelihood of a positive test in those with the disease. It is high if the proportion of true positives is high

A fixed characteristic

33
Q

Sensitivity equation

A

a/(a+c)= true positives/ total with disease

34
Q

Describe Postitive predicted value (PAR)

A

The proportion who really have disease, of all who test positive

The probability of having the disease if the test is positive

35
Q

How is PAR calculated

A

a/(a+b)= true positives who test positive

36
Q

Describe Negative Predicted Value

A

proportion of people who are free of disease of all who test negative (the probability of not having the disease if the test is negative)

37
Q

How is NPV calculated

A

d/(c+d)= true negatives who test negative

38
Q

What is lead time bias

SCREENING

A

increase in survival time caused by a difference in the time between diagnosis and death when screening compared to clinical diagnosis.

Patients dont live longer, just screening lengthens the time that they know they have the disease. This may give a false impression of success of the screening program

39
Q

What is Length time Bias

SCREENING

A

Occurs when there is a disease that can progress at a rapid or slow rate, with equal incidence of each version of the of the disease.

40
Q

OTTAWA character basic strategy

A

Enable
Advocate
Mediate

41
Q

Describe OTTAWA

enable

A

provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices
people cannot achieve their fullest health potential unless they are able to take control of those things

42
Q

Describe OTTAWA

advocate

A

Create favourable political/ economic/ social/ cultural/physical environments by promotion health and focusing on achieving equity

43
Q

Describe OTTAWA

Mediate

A

Health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate and form compromises.

44
Q

OTTAWA Strand

develop personal skills

A

Increases the options available to peop;e to exercise more control their own health and make choices conductive to health( through individual empowerment, providing information and education for health)

45
Q

OTTAWA Strand

Strengthen community action

A

Community empowerment: ownership and control of their own endeavors and destinies and their abilities to priorities health interventions and issues relevant to them

46
Q

OTTAWA Strand

Reorient Health services

A

Healthcare must be responsive to needs of patient and families(their culture, aspirations, capacities, resources and social norms)

Include a health promotion angle as well as being curative

Requires strong attention to health research

47
Q

OTTAWA Strand

Build healthy public policy

A

Placing health in the agenda of policy makers in all sectors- policy must reflect the changing needs of communities and individuals

Coordinated action to create policies that foster equity

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