Module 4 - Expanding. Flashcards
What are the reasons for the Global burden of Disease
Data on the burden of disease (and injury) from many countries were incomplete
Available data largely focused on death: little information on non fatal outcomes
What are lobby groups involvement with the Global burden of Disease
they provide distorted image of which problems are most important
WHy do the Global burden of disease project need to have the same approach
unless the same approach is used to estimate the burden of different conditions, it is difficult to decide which conditions are most important and which strategies are the best
What are the main gains of the DALY approach
Drew attention to previous hidden burden of mental health problems as a major public health problem
What are the main gains of the DALY approach
Recognizes non communicable disease as a major and increasing issue in low and middle income countries
What are 2 major challenges in using the DALY to quantify the burden of disability
Disability weights are considered to be the same as the severity of an impairment relating to a disease/ condition
What type of Model of disability does DALY TAKE on
Medical Model of Disability
What are the factors that cause a epidemiological transition
decrease in perinatal and communicable diseases
Increase in non communicable disease (NCDS)
What is the extra disease in DALYS attributable to?
particular risk factor in a population
Risk transition definition
changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low to higher income countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases
Double burden of disease
Countries are facing perinatal and communicable disease (G1)
and are facing exposure to (G2) non communicable diseases- this causes Major challenges for health policies
What has the commercial sector involvement with the NCD
creates uneven distributed of risks
unequal NCD epidemic
Commercial sectors influence with smoking
1 reason
- social norms have changed as smoking became popular among social groups
- Behavioral change
- Marketing
- changing physical and social environments
Commercial sectors influence with smoking
2nd reason
greater emphasis on downstream (compared with upstream) strategies has put equity in public health at risk
Describe the structural driver of NCD inequities with the commercial sector
promote unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups
create uneven distribution of risk
unequal distribution of NCDS
What are industrial epidemics
Diseases arising from over consumption of unhealth commercial products
Smoking is increasing in which areas
Areas of high deprivation,
Commercial is a downstream or upstream issue
upstream
Who are the targets of commercial drivers
Socioeconomically deprived, women, children
African countries HIV involve pre and post HIV
Low access to treatment
life expectancy has decreased
Describe the AID epidemic
people are living longer with AIDs
50% do not know they have AIDS
Most epople do not have accesss to HIV treatment and care
Who are the most affected from HIV
Sub saharan population
Young people who sexually transmit the disease
What is needed inorder to reduce the burden of HIV
tailor the response and interventions to local circumstances and prevalent risk factors
Who are high risk to HIV
any sexual activity
infected needle users
breast fed children with
HIV mothers
unscreened blood products
WHat is Feminisation of the HIV epidemic
refers to the observation that increasing proportion of new infections are amoung women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection
Who is affected by HIV
women who are sexually active
what are the barriers for women with HIV
Poverty and low social status
barriers to prevention, treatment and care services
Social stigma and discrimination
education
poverty
DRIVEN BY GENDER INEQUITY
Who does poverty inequality hurt the most
women
WHat are the prevention and control for HIV
safer sex
safer products
access to healthcare
There is no vaccine or cure it is about monitoring HIV
Globally who is the most effected in affected
Sub-Saharan women
NZ who have the HIV aids
homosexual men
NZ has low prevalence
Who is contributing to the DALY as YLD and YLL
young men
Is Road traffic a huge public health and developing problem
YES
Who faces the burden of Road traffic injuried
Low and middle income countries
as the roads are shared
Describe the prevalence of road traffic death within high income countries
Decreasing due to policies and intervention
Who are vulnerable road users
motorised 2-3 wheelers
pedestrian
cyclists
Road crash injury is what type of issue
Equity issue
Inequities in road traffic injuries and death
Adults vs Children
Children
Inequities in road traffic injuries and death
men vs women
Men
Inequities in road traffic injuries and death
Pedestrian vs car occupant
pedestian
Inequities in road traffic injuries and death
Fatal vs non-fatal
Fatal
What are the causes and risk for injury by road users
Distal determinants
Upstream determinant
distribution of resources and participation of society
legal and policy franeworks related to road environment
What are ways to decrease pedestrian mortality
environmental prevention strategies
What are the causes of obesity
It is at a individual
population
and largely environmental
Obesogenic environment
sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations
Who causes escalate the obesity pandemic
The food system
Obesity prevalence is driven up by what?
global drivers and local environments determine the trajectories
What are the 3 policy inertia on implementing food policies
Food industry opposition
government reluctance to regulate/tax
Lack of sufficient public demand for policies
What is the epidemiological tend of obseity
Their is an increasing variable rate
What are inequalities
giving everyone the same amount.
However no everyone is at the same level
What are inequities
giving everyone a different amount depending on their needs.
Therefore giving a leveling effect.
What are absolute inequalities
EGO- CGO (AKA risk difference)
What a does risk difference tell us
how many more or fewer disease events occur per —– people in one group compared to the other
Relative Inequality
Relative risk EGO/CGO
What does risk reduction tell us
how many more or fewer disease events occur per —— people in one group compared to the other
Extremal Quotient (MAX/MIN) means what
the biggest relative inequality (between most and least affected groups)
