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Pophealth > Module 4 - Expanding. > Flashcards

Module 4 - Expanding. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reasons for the Global burden of Disease

A

Data on the burden of disease (and injury) from many countries were incomplete

Available data largely focused on death: little information on non fatal outcomes

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2
Q

What are lobby groups involvement with the Global burden of Disease

A

they provide distorted image of which problems are most important

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3
Q

WHy do the Global burden of disease project need to have the same approach

A

unless the same approach is used to estimate the burden of different conditions, it is difficult to decide which conditions are most important and which strategies are the best

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4
Q

What are the main gains of the DALY approach

A

Drew attention to previous hidden burden of mental health problems as a major public health problem

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5
Q

What are the main gains of the DALY approach

A

Recognizes non communicable disease as a major and increasing issue in low and middle income countries

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6
Q

What are 2 major challenges in using the DALY to quantify the burden of disability

A

Disability weights are considered to be the same as the severity of an impairment relating to a disease/ condition

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7
Q

What type of Model of disability does DALY TAKE on

A

Medical Model of Disability

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8
Q

What are the factors that cause a epidemiological transition

A

decrease in perinatal and communicable diseases

Increase in non communicable disease (NCDS)

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9
Q

What is the extra disease in DALYS attributable to?

A

particular risk factor in a population

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10
Q

Risk transition definition

A

changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low to higher income countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases

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11
Q

Double burden of disease

A

Countries are facing perinatal and communicable disease (G1)

and are facing exposure to (G2) non communicable diseases- this causes Major challenges for health policies

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12
Q

What has the commercial sector involvement with the NCD

A

creates uneven distributed of risks

unequal NCD epidemic

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13
Q

Commercial sectors influence with smoking

1 reason

A
  1. social norms have changed as smoking became popular among social groups
    - Behavioral change
    - Marketing
    - changing physical and social environments
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14
Q

Commercial sectors influence with smoking

2nd reason

A

greater emphasis on downstream (compared with upstream) strategies has put equity in public health at risk

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15
Q

Describe the structural driver of NCD inequities with the commercial sector

A

promote unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups

create uneven distribution of risk

unequal distribution of NCDS

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16
Q

What are industrial epidemics

A

Diseases arising from over consumption of unhealth commercial products

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17
Q

Smoking is increasing in which areas

A

Areas of high deprivation,

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18
Q

Commercial is a downstream or upstream issue

A

upstream

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19
Q

Who are the targets of commercial drivers

A

Socioeconomically deprived, women, children

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20
Q

African countries HIV involve pre and post HIV

A

Low access to treatment

life expectancy has decreased

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21
Q

Describe the AID epidemic

A

people are living longer with AIDs

50% do not know they have AIDS

Most epople do not have accesss to HIV treatment and care

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22
Q

Who are the most affected from HIV

A

Sub saharan population

Young people who sexually transmit the disease

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23
Q

What is needed inorder to reduce the burden of HIV

A

tailor the response and interventions to local circumstances and prevalent risk factors

24
Q

Who are high risk to HIV

A

any sexual activity

infected needle users

breast fed children with

HIV mothers

unscreened blood products

25
Q

WHat is Feminisation of the HIV epidemic

A

refers to the observation that increasing proportion of new infections are amoung women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection

26
Q

Who is affected by HIV

A

women who are sexually active

27
Q

what are the barriers for women with HIV

A

Poverty and low social status
barriers to prevention, treatment and care services

Social stigma and discrimination
education

poverty

DRIVEN BY GENDER INEQUITY

28
Q

Who does poverty inequality hurt the most

A

women

29
Q

WHat are the prevention and control for HIV

A

safer sex
safer products
access to healthcare

There is no vaccine or cure it is about monitoring HIV

30
Q

Globally who is the most effected in affected

A

Sub-Saharan women

31
Q

NZ who have the HIV aids

A

homosexual men

NZ has low prevalence

32
Q

Who is contributing to the DALY as YLD and YLL

A

young men

33
Q

Is Road traffic a huge public health and developing problem

A

YES

34
Q

Who faces the burden of Road traffic injuried

A

Low and middle income countries

as the roads are shared

35
Q

Describe the prevalence of road traffic death within high income countries

A

Decreasing due to policies and intervention

36
Q

Who are vulnerable road users

A

motorised 2-3 wheelers
pedestrian
cyclists

37
Q

Road crash injury is what type of issue

A

Equity issue

38
Q

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death

Adults vs Children

A

Children

39
Q

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death

men vs women

A

Men

40
Q

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death

Pedestrian vs car occupant

A

pedestian

41
Q

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death

Fatal vs non-fatal

A

Fatal

42
Q

What are the causes and risk for injury by road users

A

Distal determinants
Upstream determinant

distribution of resources and participation of society

legal and policy franeworks related to road environment

43
Q

What are ways to decrease pedestrian mortality

A

environmental prevention strategies

44
Q

What are the causes of obesity

A

It is at a individual
population
and largely environmental

45
Q

Obesogenic environment

A

sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations

46
Q

Who causes escalate the obesity pandemic

A

The food system

47
Q

Obesity prevalence is driven up by what?

A

global drivers and local environments determine the trajectories

48
Q

What are the 3 policy inertia on implementing food policies

A

Food industry opposition

government reluctance to regulate/tax

Lack of sufficient public demand for policies

49
Q

What is the epidemiological tend of obseity

A

Their is an increasing variable rate

50
Q

What are inequalities

A

giving everyone the same amount.

However no everyone is at the same level

51
Q

What are inequities

A

giving everyone a different amount depending on their needs.

Therefore giving a leveling effect.

52
Q

What are absolute inequalities

A

EGO- CGO (AKA risk difference)

53
Q

What a does risk difference tell us

A

how many more or fewer disease events occur per —– people in one group compared to the other

54
Q

Relative Inequality

A

Relative risk EGO/CGO

55
Q

What does risk reduction tell us

A

how many more or fewer disease events occur per —— people in one group compared to the other

56
Q

Extremal Quotient (MAX/MIN) means what

A

the biggest relative inequality (between most and least affected groups)

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